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Investigation of nonlinear optical effects with fibre Bragg gratings and signal-to-noise ratio in the evolution of highly sensitive system

  • Regular Article - Optical Phenomena and Photonics
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Abstract

To help the physicians, intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy is being used to design a highly sensitive biomedical sensor for air coming from the lungs. Using the principles of lasing, two different wavelengths (modes) are used to set up this operation. An analysis of our previous results indicates that an in-depth investigation of the fibre Bragg gratings is mandatory which has been done in this work. As the sensor’s operation relies heavily on these FBGs, we resort to calculate and investigate their Bragg wavelengths in accordance with the respective intrinsic properties and data-sheets. Each FBG has been characterized rigorously under numerous temperature conditions for long periods of time and leads to the design limitations of the Bragg wavelength. Afterwards, an intensive measurement and evaluation of signal-to-noise ratio of both modes with respect to the input parameters of the setup is performed. This excessive investigation leads to an increased value of signal-to-noise ratio of 54.5 dB in comparison to previous work and profound implementation attributes that have been discussed in detail.

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Data Availability Statement

This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: All data required to prepare the manuscript is available within manuscript.]

Notes

  1. numerous approaches for specific applications are being pursued, like [55, 56].

  2. the investigation was repeated after swapping the FBGs, and the results are omitted here to avoid any confusion.

Abbreviations

OSA :

Optical spectrum analyser

LDC:

Laser diode controller

ESA:

Electrical spectrum analyser

SOA:

Semiconductor optical amplifier

FBG:

Fibre Bragg grating

\({\hbox {FBG}}_{\hbox {i}}/{\hbox {FBG1}}\) :

Fibre Bragg grating corresponding to the inner cavity

\({\hbox {FBG}}_{\hbox {o}}/{\hbox {FBG2}}\) :

Fibre Bragg grating corresponding to the outer cavity

\({\hbox {M}}_{\hbox {i}}/{\hbox {M1}}\) :

Mode corresponding to the inner cavity

\({\hbox {M}}_{{\hbox {o}}}/{\hbox {M2}}\) :

Mode corresponding to the outer cavity

\({\hbox {VC}}_{\hbox {i}}/{\hbox {VC1}}\) :

Variable coupler corresponding to the inner cavity

\(\hbox {VC}_{{\hbox {o}}}/{\hbox {VC2}}\) :

Variable coupler corresponding to the outer cavity

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

VOC:

Volatile organic compound

\(P_\textrm{Signal}\) :

Signal power

\(P_\textrm{Noise}\) :

Noise power

\(\lambda \) :

Wavelength of light

\(\lambda _{\textrm{b}}\) :

Bragg wavelength

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Funding

This work has been partly supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst (DAAD)) and the University of Kassel.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125, Kassel, Hessen, Germany

    Usman Masud

  2. Institute of General Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Strasse 2, 18059, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany

    Abdul Razzaq Farooqi

  3. Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Abdul Razzaq Farooqi

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Muhammad Kashif

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Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the analysis of results and the preparation of the manuscript. Conceptualization, methodology, supervision and administration were performed by U.M. Formal analysis, investigation and resources were performed by A.R.F. Material preparation, data collection and formal analysis were performed by M.K. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Masud, U., Farooqi, A.R. & Kashif, M. Investigation of nonlinear optical effects with fibre Bragg gratings and signal-to-noise ratio in the evolution of highly sensitive system. Eur. Phys. J. D 78, 42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-024-00835-5

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