1 Introduction

Hawking radiation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which the (3+1)-dimensional black holes in the background of classical general relativity can evaporate [1, 2]. This phenomenon has also been considered as quantum tunneling of particles from the horizons of black holes [3–5]. In this approach, the Klein–Gordon or Dirac wave equations for scalar or spinor particles are solved in the spacetime background of the black holes by using complex path integration techniques and the WKB approximation. This gives the tunneling rate of scalar or spinor particles across the event horizons, as well as the Hawking temperature of the black holes.

On the other hand, (2+1)-dimensional black holes are among the most interesting subjects in lower dimensional gravity. The vacuum solution of (2+1)-dimensional gravity is flat for zero cosmological constant, hence no black hole solution exists [6]. However, (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole solutions for a negative cosmological constant were shown to exist by Ba\(\tilde{n}\)ados et al. [7, 8]. These black holes are very similar to (3+1)-dimensional black holes in their thermodynamical properties. Moreover, they have inner and outer horizons, mass, angular momentum and charge. Recently, we have obtained a generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole solution by using the Noether symmetry approach [9]. (For a study of Noether symmetry in spherical solutions, in 4D \(F(R)\) and \(F(T)\) gravity; see Refs. [10, 11]). This black hole has three conserved charges as mass \(M\), angular momentum \(J\) and a new conserved charge \(Q_N\) corresponding, respectively, to the invariance of the solution under time translation, rotation, and continuous displacement of the Ricci scalar in the action.

The quantum tunneling for scalar and spinor particles from (2+1)-dimensional charged and/or rotating black holes has been studied in Ref. [12] by using WKB approximation, and the corresponding tunneling rates and Hawking temperatures have been obtained. In this paper, following Ref. [12], we study the Hawking radiation from the above mentioned generalized rotating and static (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes to obtain the tunneling rate of outgoing scalar and spinor particles across the horizons and the Hawking temperature at the horizons corresponding to the emission of these particles.

2 (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes

The well known (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole solutions are derived from Einstein field equations with cosmological constant in three dimensions [7, 8]. The action is given by

$$\begin{aligned} I=\frac{1}{2\pi }\int \mathrm{d}^{3}x\sqrt{-g}( R-2\Lambda ) , \end{aligned}$$
(1)

where \(G\) and \(\Lambda =-1/{l^{2}}\) are gravitational and cosmological constants, respectively, \(R\) is the Ricci scalar and \(g\) is determinant of the metric tensor \(g_{\mu \nu }\).Footnote 1 The line element for this solution is given by

$$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}s^{2}=-f(r) \mathrm{d}t^{2}+f^{-1}(r) \mathrm{d}r^{2}+r^{2}\left( \mathrm{d}\phi -\frac{J}{2r^{2}}\mathrm{d}t\right) ^{2}, \end{aligned}$$
(2)

where

$$\begin{aligned} f(r) =-M+\frac{r^{2}}{l^{2}}+\frac{J^{2}}{4r^{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3)

The constants of motion as the mass \(M\) and angular momentum of the BTZ black hole \(J\) are appeared due to the time translation symmetry and rotational symmetry of the metric, corresponding to the Killing vectors \(\partial _t\) and \(\partial _{\phi }\), respectively. The Schwarzschild coordinates are defined as

$$\begin{aligned} -\infty <t<\infty ,\quad 0\le r<\infty ,\quad 0\le \phi <2\pi . \end{aligned}$$
(4)

The horizons of line element (2) are obtained by putting \(f(r) =0\),

$$\begin{aligned} r_{\pm }^{2}=\frac{l^{2}}{2}\left( M\pm \sqrt{M^{2}-\frac{J^{2}}{l^{2}}}\, \right) , \end{aligned}$$
(5)

where \(r_{+}\) and \(r_{-}\) denote the outer and inner horizons, respectively. More general metrics have been obtained by considering the coupling of the pure Einstein gravity with other matter fields, for instance topological matter [13], or Maxwell tensor [7, 8, 14]. The action for the latter is given by

$$\begin{aligned} I=\frac{1}{2\pi }\int \mathrm{d}^{3}x\sqrt{-g}\left( R-2\Lambda -\frac{\pi }{2} F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(6)

with

$$\begin{aligned} F_{\mu \nu }=A_{\mu ,\nu }-A_{\nu ,\mu }, \end{aligned}$$
(7)

where \(A_{\mu }\) is the electrical potential and “,” denotes partial derivative. The line element for electrically charged and rotating BTZ black hole solutions of Einstein–Maxwell theory is given by (2) in which

$$\begin{aligned} f(r)=-M+\frac{r^{2}}{l^{2}}-\frac{1}{2}Q^{2}\ln \left( \frac{r}{l}\right) +\frac{J^{2}}{4r^{2}}, \end{aligned}$$
(8)

with \(Q\) and \(J\) being the electric charge and angular momentum of the black hole, respectively.

3 Generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole

Recently [9], a generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole solution has been introduced by the authors through the application of Noether symmetry in the metric formalism for (2+1)-dimensional \(F(R)\) gravity with the following action:

$$\begin{aligned} I=\frac{1}{2\pi }\int \mathrm{d}^3x \sqrt{-g}F({R}). \end{aligned}$$
(9)

This action describes a theory of (2+1) gravity where \(F(R)\) is a typical function of the Ricci scalar \(R\) subject to a Noether symmetry. To study the spherical solutions, one may take the metric in the following form:

$$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}s^2=-f(r)\mathrm{d}t^2+f^{-1}(r)\mathrm{d}r^2+r^2[g^2(r)\mathrm{d}t+\mathrm{d}\phi ]^2, \end{aligned}$$
(10)

where the radial functions \(f(r)\) and \(g(r)\) are regarded as the degrees of freedom. By calculating the Ricci scalar \(R\), generalizing the degrees of freedom, defining a canonical Lagrangian and using the method of Lagrange multipliers to set \(R\) as a constraint of the dynamics we obtain [9]

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{L}=r(F-R F_R)+\frac{r^3}{2}g'^2F_R -f' F_R +r f' F_{RR}R', \end{aligned}$$
(11)

where \('\) denotes the derivative with respect to \(r, F_{R}\equiv \mathrm{d}F/\mathrm{d}R\) and \(F_{RR}\equiv \mathrm{d}^2F/\mathrm{d}R^2\). Application of the Noether symmetry approach as \(L_X \mathcal{L}=0\) results in [9]

$$\begin{aligned} X=\left( 2{A}\frac{\partial }{\partial f}+\beta _0 \frac{\partial }{\partial g}-\frac{A f'}{f}\frac{\partial }{\partial {f'}}\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(12)
$$\begin{aligned} F({R})=D_1 R\left( \frac{n}{n+1}\right) \left( \frac{R}{K}\right) ^{1/n}+D_2 R+D_3, \end{aligned}$$
(13)
$$\begin{aligned} g(r)&= -{\frac{C_{{1}}{D_{{1}}}^{2}\ln ( D_{{1}}r+D_{{2}} ) }{{D _{{2}}}^{3}}}+{\frac{C_{{1}}{D_{{1}}}^{2}\ln (r)}{{D_{ {2}}}^{3}}}\nonumber \\&-\frac{1}{2}\,{\frac{C_{{1}}}{D_{{2}}{r}^{2}}}+{\frac{C_{{1}}D_{{ 1}}}{{D_{{2}}}^{2}r}}, \end{aligned}$$
(14)
$$\begin{aligned} f(r)&= \frac{1}{4 D_2^4 r^2}[D_2 (C_1^2 (6 D1 r+D_2)+8 D_2^3 r (r P+Q_N))] \nonumber \\&+\frac{1}{4 D_2^4 r^2}\left[ 2C_1^2D_1r\ln \frac{r}{D_1r+D_2}(2D_2+3D_1r)\right] \nonumber \\&-\frac{K r^{n+2}}{n^2+5 n+6}, \end{aligned}$$
(15)

where \(A, \beta _0, D_1, D_2, D_3, C_1, K, P\) are constants, \(Q_N\) is the Noether charge due to the Noether symmetry, and \(n\) can take arbitrary values. Note that as a direct consequence of imposing the Noether symmetry the constant \(D_3\) does not appear in the solution for \(f(r)\). Therefore, the solutions \(f(r)\) and \(g(r)\) have symmetry under a change in the value of \(D_3\).

Let us now consider a very simple example \(F(R)=R+D_3\) associated to the special case \(D_1=0, D_2=1\). Then we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} f(r)=\frac{C_2^2}{4r^2}-\frac{K}{n^2+5 n+6}r^{n+2}+\frac{2Q_N}{r}+2P. \end{aligned}$$
(16)

Assuming \(n=0\) and using the identifications \(2P=-M, C_2=J\), and \(K=-6l^{-2}\) we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} f(r)=-M-\frac{R}{6}r^{2}+\frac{2Q_N}{r}+\frac{J^2}{4r^2}, \end{aligned}$$
(17)
$$\begin{aligned} g(r)=-\frac{J}{2r^2}. \end{aligned}$$
(18)

Note that unlike \(M\) and \(J\) which are related to the Killing vectors preserving the metric, the Noether charge \(Q_N\) is not related to such a Killing vector; rather it results due to the Killing vector which is related to the Noether symmetry of the action. For the simple example \(F(R)=R+D_3\) with the specific Noether symmetry subject to the Killing vector \(X\), we may find the Noether charge as [9]

$$\begin{aligned} Q_N=-2A(F_R+r F_{RR}R')+\beta _0r^3 g' F_R = -2A+\beta _0 J. \end{aligned}$$
(19)

Note that the Noether charge is independent of the mass \(M\), but depends on the angular momentum \(J\). For a non-rotating black hole with \(J=0\), the Noether charge reduces to \(Q_N=-2A\). In the following, we will study the quantum tunneling of scalar and spinor particles from generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes having mass \(M\), angular momentum \(J\), and Noether charge \(Q_N\) given by (19).

4 Quantum tunneling of scalar particles from generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes

The emission of scalar particles from (2+1)-dimensional black holes may be considered as a tunneling phenomenon across their event horizons [12]. To investigate this phenomenon in the case of (electrically charge-less) generalized BTZ black hole given by (17) and (18), we should solve the Klein–Gordon equation for the neutral massive scalar field, \(\Psi \), which is given by

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}\partial _{\mu } \left( \sqrt{-g}g^{\mu \nu }\partial _{\nu }\Psi \right) -\frac{m^{2}}{{\hbar }^{2}}\Psi =0, \end{aligned}$$
(20)

where \(\mu , \nu =0,1,2\) corresponding to the coordinates \(t,r,\phi \), and \(m\) is the mass of the particle. Using the WKB approximation and taking an ansatz of the form [12]

$$\begin{aligned} \Psi (t,r,\phi )=\mathrm{e}^{\left( \frac{i}{\hslash }I(t,r,\phi )+I_{1}(t,r,\phi )+O(\hslash )\right) }, \end{aligned}$$
(21)

the scalar field equation (20), in leading powers of \(\hbar \), results in

$$\begin{aligned} g^{tt}(\partial _{t}I)^{2}+g^{rr}(\partial _{r}I)^{2}+g^{t\phi }(\partial _{t}I\partial _{\phi }I)+g^{\phi \phi }(\partial _{\phi }I)^{2}+m^{2}=0 \end{aligned}$$
(22)

or

$$\begin{aligned}&-f(r)^{-1}(\partial _{t}I)^{2}+ f(r) (\partial _{r}I)^{2}\nonumber \\&\quad +\,r^{-2}g(r)^{-2}(\partial _{t}I\partial _{\phi }I)+r^{-2}(\partial _{\phi }I)^{2}+m^{2}=0, \end{aligned}$$
(23)

where \(f(r)\) and \(g(r)\) are given by (17) and (18). Regarding the Killing vector fields \(\partial _{t}\) and \(\partial _{\phi }\) which preserve the metric, one may find that the above differential equation has a solution which can be written in terms of the classical action \(I\) given by

$$\begin{aligned} I=-\omega t+W(r)+j\phi +K, \end{aligned}$$
(24)

where \(\omega \) and \(j\) denote the energy and angular momentum of the particle, respectively, and \(K\) is a constant which can be complex. Inserting \(I\) in the differential equation (23) we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} W_{\pm }(r)\!=\!\pm \int \frac{\sqrt{\omega ^{2}-\left( \frac{f(r)}{r^{2}} \!-\! g(r)^{2}\right) j^{2}+2g(r)\omega j-f(r)m^{2}} }{f(r)}\mathrm{d}r.\nonumber \\ \end{aligned}$$
(25)

Since \(f(r_{+})=0\), by using the residue theory for semi circles we have a simple pole at \(r=r_{+},\) so we get

$$\begin{aligned} W_{\pm }=\pm i\pi \frac{ \omega +j g(r_{+})}{f^{\prime }(r_{+})}. \end{aligned}$$
(26)

This implies that

$$\begin{aligned} \mathrm {Im}W_{+}=\pi \frac{ \omega +j g(r_{+}) }{f^{\prime }(r_{+})}. \end{aligned}$$
(27)

We know that Hawking radiation from black holes may be considered as a process of quantum tunneling by which the particles can tunnel across the black hole horizon from inside to the outside. Using this viewpoint to calculate the rate of tunneling, we may resort to the semi-classical method and calculate the imaginary part of the classical action. In this regard, the tunneling rates across the horizon from inside to outside \(\Gamma _{\mathrm{em}}\), and from outside to inside \(\Gamma _{\mathrm{ab}}\), are given, respectively, by [15, 16]

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}}&= \exp \left( \frac{-2}{\hbar }\mathrm {Im}I\right) =\exp \left( \frac{-2}{\hbar }(\mathrm {Im}W_{+}+\mathrm {Im}K)\right) , \nonumber \\\end{aligned}$$
(28)
$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{ab}}&= \exp \left( \frac{-2}{\hbar }\mathrm {Im}I\right) =\exp \left( \frac{-2}{\hbar }(\mathrm {Im}W_{-}+\mathrm {Im}K)\right) .\nonumber \\ \end{aligned}$$
(29)

Since any outside particle will certainly fall inside the black hole, we must have \(\Gamma _{\mathrm{ab}}=1\), which results in Im\(K=-\)Im\(W_{-}\). On the other hand, from (26) we have \(W_{+}=-W_{-}\), which means that the tunneling rate of a particle from inside to the outside of the horizon is

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}} =\exp \left( \frac{-4}{\hbar }\mathrm {Im}W_{+}\right) . \end{aligned}$$
(30)

Putting Im\(W_{+}\) from (27) into (30) results in

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}} =\exp \left( \frac{-4\pi (\omega +j g(r_{+}))}{\hbar f^{\prime }(r_{+})}\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(31)

or

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}} =\exp \left( \frac{-4\pi (\omega -j \frac{J}{2r_+^2})}{\hbar \left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}-\frac{J^2}{2r_{+}^3}\right) }\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(32)

where \(Q_N=-2A+\beta _0 J\). This is the tunneling rate of scalar particles from inside to the outside of the event horizon of the generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole.

Comparing (32) with the Boltzmann factor \(\Gamma \!=\!\exp ( -\beta \omega ) \), where \(\omega \) and \(\beta \) denote the energy of particle and the inverse temperature of the horizon, respectively [15, 16], we can derive the Hawking temperature as (\(\hbar =1\))

$$\begin{aligned} T_{H}=\frac{f^{\prime }(r_{+})}{4\pi }, \end{aligned}$$
(33)

which results in

$$\begin{aligned} T_{H}=\frac{1}{4\pi }\left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}-\frac{J^2}{2r_{+}^3}\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(34)

where \(Q_N=-2A+\beta _0 J\). The tunneling rate and Hawking temperature corresponding to a static (\(J=0\)) generalized BTZ black hole is given, respectively, by

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}} =\exp \left( \frac{-4\pi \omega }{\hbar \left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}\right) }\right) \end{aligned}$$
(35)

and

$$\begin{aligned} T_{H}=\frac{1}{4\pi }\left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(36)

where \(Q_N=-2A\). Considering (32), (34), for a rotating black hole, and (35), (36), for a static black hole, we realize that the tunneling rates and Hawking temperatures vanish provided that

$$\begin{aligned} \omega -j \frac{J}{2r_+^2}>0, \quad -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}-\frac{J^2}{2r_{+}^3}=0 \end{aligned}$$
(37)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \omega >0, \quad -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}=0, \end{aligned}$$
(38)

respectively. Now, the Noether charge plays its key role. Unlike the other constants, namely mass \(M\) and angular momentum \(J\), the Noether charge \(Q_{N}\) is not an intrinsic feature of the black hole, because it is related to the freedom in taking the arbitrary values for the Ricci scalar. Hence, the generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black hole has a free extrinsic parameter \(Q_{N}\) which can be tuned so as to set the tunneling rate and Hawking temperature zero. This is remarkable in that the generalized (2+1)-dimensional black holes may avoid evaporation due to the existence of the Noether symmetry.

5 Quantum tunneling of fermionic particles from generalized (2+1)-dimensional black holes

In this section, we will deal with fermionic particles and calculate the corresponding tunneling rate and Hawking temperature for the generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes. In this regard, we should solve the (2+1)-dimensional Dirac equation for the two-component charge-less spinor field \(\psi \) with the mass \(m\) as

$$\begin{aligned} i{\hbar }\gamma ^{\mu }( \partial _{\mu }+\Omega _{\mu }) \psi -{m}\psi =0, \end{aligned}$$
(39)

where

$$\begin{aligned} \Omega _{\mu }&= \frac{i}{2}\Gamma _{\mu }^{\alpha \beta }\Sigma _{\alpha \beta }, \end{aligned}$$
(40)
$$\begin{aligned} \Sigma _{\alpha \beta }&= \frac{i}{4}[ \gamma ^{\alpha },\gamma ^{\beta }] , \quad \Omega _{\mu }=\frac{-1}{8}\Gamma _{\mu }^{\alpha \beta }[\gamma ^{\alpha },\gamma ^{\beta }] . \end{aligned}$$
(41)

Using the Pauli matrices \(\sigma ^{i}\),

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma ^{0}=\left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} 0 &{} 1 \\ 1 &{} 0 \end{array} \right) ,\,\,\sigma ^{1}=\left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} 0 &{} -i \\ i &{} 0 \end{array} \right) ,\,\,\sigma ^{2}=\left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} 1 &{} 0 \\ 0 &{} -1 \end{array} \right) , \end{aligned}$$
(42)

we take the curved space \(\gamma \) matrices in (2+1)-dimensional spacetime as

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma ^{t}&= \left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} 0 &{} -\frac{1}{\sqrt{f}} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{f}} &{} 0 \end{array} \right) ,\nonumber \\ \gamma ^{r}&= \left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} 0 &{} \sqrt{f} \\ \sqrt{f} &{} 0 \end{array} \right) , \nonumber \\ \gamma ^{\phi }&= \left( \begin{array}{c@{\quad }c} \frac{1}{r} &{} -\frac{J}{2r^{2}\sqrt{f}} \\ \frac{J}{2r^{2}\sqrt{f}} &{} -\frac{1}{r} \end{array} \right) , \end{aligned}$$
(43)

which satisfy the condition \(\{ \gamma ^{\mu },\gamma ^{\nu }\} =2g^{\mu \nu }\). Then the Dirac equation takes the form

$$\begin{aligned} i\gamma ^{t} \partial _{t} \psi +i\gamma ^{r}( \partial _{r}) \psi +i\gamma ^{\phi }( \partial _{\phi }) \psi -\frac{\mu }{\hbar }\psi =0. \end{aligned}$$
(44)

Considering the fact that the wave function for a fermion with spin 1/2 has two states, namely spin-up (\(\uparrow \)) and spin-down (\(\downarrow \)), we take the following ansatz, respectively, for the solution [12]:

$$\begin{aligned} \psi _{\uparrow }&= \left( \begin{array}{c} A( t,r,\phi ) \\ 0 \end{array} \right) \mathrm{e}^{\frac{i}{\hslash }I_{\uparrow }( t,r,\phi ) }, \end{aligned}$$
(45)
$$\begin{aligned} \psi _{\downarrow }&= \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ B( t,r,\phi ) \end{array} \right) \mathrm{e}^{\frac{i}{\hslash }I_{\downarrow }( t,r,\phi )}. \end{aligned}$$
(46)

Inserting (45) for the spin-up particle into the Dirac equation (44) and after a simple manipulation, we obtain the following equation:

$$\begin{aligned}&-\frac{A}{\sqrt{f}}\partial _{t}I_{\uparrow }( t,r,\phi ) -\sqrt{f}A\partial _{r}I_{\uparrow }(t,r,\phi )\nonumber \\&\quad -\frac{JA}{2r^{2}\sqrt{f}}\partial _{\phi }I_{\uparrow }(t,r,\phi ) =0. \end{aligned}$$
(47)

Using the method of separation of variables for the spin-up state we have

$$\begin{aligned} I_{\uparrow }=-\omega t+W(r)+\Theta (\phi )+K=-\omega t+W(r)+j\phi +K, \end{aligned}$$
(48)

where, as before, \(\omega \) and \(j\) are the energy and angular momentum of the emitted particle, and \(K\) can be a complex constant. Putting this expression in the above equation we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{A}{\sqrt{f}}\omega -\sqrt{f}A\partial _{r}W- \frac{JA}{2r^{2}\sqrt{f}}\partial _{\phi }\Theta =0. \end{aligned}$$
(49)

Considering \(\Theta (\phi )=j\phi \) and removing \(A\), we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\omega }{\sqrt{f}}+\frac{qA_{t}}{\sqrt{f}}-\sqrt{f}\partial _{r}W-j \frac{J}{2r^{2}\sqrt{f}}=0, \end{aligned}$$
(50)

or

$$\begin{aligned} \partial _{r}W=\frac{1}{f(r)}\left( \omega -j\frac{J}{2r^{2}}\right) . \end{aligned}$$
(51)

Integration of (51) along a semi circle around the pole at \(r_{+}=0\) results in the radial function at the horizon as

$$\begin{aligned} W(r_+)=\frac{\pi i\left( \omega -j\frac{J}{2r_{+}^{2}}\right) }{\left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}-\frac{J^2}{2r_{+}^3}\right) }. \end{aligned}$$
(52)

Using (30), the tunneling rate is given by

$$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _{\mathrm{em}} =\exp \left( \frac{-4\pi \left( \omega -j\frac{J}{2r_{+}^{2}}\right) }{\hbar \left( -\frac{Rr_{+}}{3}-\frac{2Q_{N}}{r_{+}^2}-\frac{J^2}{2r_{+}^3}\right) }\right) , \end{aligned}$$
(53)

where \(Q_N=-2A+\beta _0 J\). We find that the tunneling rate for a fermionic particle across the horizon of the generalized rotating BTZ black hole is the same as that obtained for the scalar field in (32). It is then obvious that the temperature of this black hole at its horizon, regarding the emission of fermionic particles, is given by the expression (34). Accordingly, the tunneling rate and temperature of the generalized static (\(J=0\)) BTZ black hole are given by the expressions (35) and (36), respectively.

6 Conclusions

In this paper, we have used the quantum tunneling approach and WKB approximation to calculate the tunneling rate of outgoing scalar and spinor particles across the horizons of rotating and static generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes. We have also calculated the Hawking temperature at the horizons corresponding to the emission of these particles. We have shown that the generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes, with an extrinsic parameter \(Q_{N}\) as the Noether charge, have a different tunneling rate and Hawking temperature from those of ordinary (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes. In other words, the Noether symmetry can change the tunneling rate and Hawking temperature of the BTZ black holes. This is remarkable, because the generalization of ordinary (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes by applying the Noether symmetry may cause these black holes to avoid evaporation. When the free parameter \(D_3\) in the generalized action is fixed to a cosmological constant \(\Lambda =-l^{-2}\) as \(D_3=2l^{-2}\), the Noether symmetry is broken, namely \(Q_N=0\), and one recovers the ordinary BTZ black holes, having \(R=-6l^{-2}\). Then the tunneling rate and the Hawking temperature of the generalized (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes coincide with those of ordinary (2+1)-dimensional BTZ black holes and they start evaporation.