Abstract
Neutrinos, and in particular their tiny but non-vanishing masses, can be considered one of the doors towards physics beyond the Standard Model. Precision measurements of the kinematics of weak interactions, in particular of the 3H β-decay and the 163Ho electron capture (EC), represent the only model independent approach to determine the absolute scale of neutrino masses. The electron capture in 163Ho experiment, ECHo, is designed to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass by means of the analysis of the calorimetrically measured electron capture spectrum of the nuclide 163Ho. The maximum energy available for this decay, about 2.8 keV, constrains the type of detectors that can be used. Arrays of low temperature metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) are being developed to measure the 163Ho EC spectrum with energy resolution below 3 eV FWHM and with a time resolution below 1 μs. To achieve the sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass, together with the detector optimization, the availability of large ultra-pure 163Ho samples, the identification and suppression of background sources as well as the precise parametrization of the 163Ho EC spectrum are of utmost importance. The high-energy resolution 163Ho spectra measured with the first MMC prototypes with ion-implanted 163Ho set the basis for the ECHo experiment. We describe the conceptual design of ECHo and motivate the strategies we have adopted to carry on the present medium scale experiment, ECHo-1K. In this experiment, the use of 1 kBq 163Ho will allow to reach a neutrino mass sensitivity below 10 eV/c 2. We then discuss how the results being achieved in ECHo-1k will guide the design of the next stage of the ECHo experiment, ECHo-1M, where a source of the order of 1 MBq 163Ho embedded in large MMCs arrays will allow to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Find the latest articles, discoveries, and news in related topics.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Y. Fukuda et al., Super Kamiokande Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1562 (1998)
Q.R. Ahmad et al., (SNO collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 011301 (2002)
G.L. Fogli et al., Phys. Rev. D 84, 053007 (2011)
K.N. Abazajian et al., Astropart. Phys. 35, 177 (2011)
F.T. Avignone III et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 481 (2008)
F. Simkovic et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, 045503 (2008)
S. Eliseev et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 39, 124003 (2012)
G. Pagliaroli et al., Astropart. Phys. 33, 287 (2010)
G. Drexlin et al., Adv. High Ener. Phys. 2013, 293986 (2013)
KATRIN Design Report, FZKA7090 (2004)
Ch. Kraus et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 40, 447 (2005)
Ch. Weinheimer, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 57, 22 (2006)
N. Aseev et al., Phys. Rev D 84, 112003 (2011)
D.M. Asner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 162501 (2015)
S. Betts et al., arXiv:1307.4738[astro-ph.IM]
P.T. Springer et al., Phys. Rev. A 35, 679 (1987)
C.W. Reich, B. Singh, Nuclear Data Sheets 111, 1211 (2010)
P.A. Baisden et al., Phys. Rev. C 28, 337 (1983)
G. Audi et al., The Ame2012 atomic mass evaluation, Chinese Phys. C 36, 1157 (2012)
J.U. Andersen et al., Phys. Lett. B 113, 72 (1982)
F. Gatti et al., Phys. Lett. B 398, 415 (1997)
P.C.-O. Ranitzsch et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 167, 1004 (2012)
S. Eliseev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 062501 (2015)
A. Faessler et al., Phys. Rev. C 91, 064302 (2015)
C.L. Bennett et al., Phys. Lett. B 107, 19 (1981)
S. Yasumi et al., Phys. Lett. B 122, 461 (1983)
S. Yasumi et al., Phys. Lett. B 334, 229 (1994)
A. De Rujula, M. Lusignoli, Phys. Lett. B 118, 429 (1982)
A. De Rujula, arXiv:1305.4857 (2013)
E. Laegsgaard et al., Proceeding of 7th International Conference on Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (AMCO-7) (1984)
F.X. Hartmann, R.A. Naumann, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 13, 237 (1992)
L. Gastaldo et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 711, 150 (2013)
L. Gastaldo et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 176, 876 (2014)
B. Alpert et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 112 (2015)
M.P. Croce et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 184, 938 (2016)
R.G.H. Robertson, Phys. Rev. C 91, 035504 (2015)
A. Faessler, F. Simkovic, Phys. Rev. C 91, 045505 (2015)
A. De Rujula, M. Lusignoli, arXiv:1510.05462 (2015)
A. De Rujula, M. Lusignoli, arXiv:1601.04990 (2016)
A. Faessler et al., J. Phys. G 42, 015108 (2015)
R.D. Deslattes et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 35 (2003)
A. Thompson et al., X-ray data booklet (2009), xdb.lbl.gov
J. Campbell, T. Papp, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 77, 1 (2001)
R.L. Cohen et al., Phys. Rev. B 5, 1037 (1972)
M. Lusignoli, M. Vignati, Phys. Lett. B 697, 11 (2011)
A. Fleischmann et al., in Cryogenic Particle Detection (Springer Topics in Applied Physics 99) ed EnssC (Berlin: Springer) (2005), p. 151
A. Fleischmann et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1185, 571 (2009)
C. Pies et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 167, 269 (2012)
J.A.B. Mates et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 023514 (2008)
A. Fleischmann et al., in preparation
C. Enss, in Cryogenic Particle Detection, Top. Appl. Phys. (2005), Vol. 99
A. Enss, D. Mac Cammon, J. Low Temp. Phys. 151, 5 (2008)
K.D. Irwin, G.C. Hilton, Top. Appl. Phys. 99, 63 (2005)
J.-P. Porst et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 176, 617 (2014)
J.-P. Porst et al., Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 229-232, 446 (2012)
L. Gastaldo et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1185, 607 (2009)
A. Fleischmann et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 118, 7 (2000)
G. Hölzer et al., Phys. Rev. A 56, 4554 (1997)
E. Kugler, Hyperfine Interact. 129, 23 (2000)
A.G. Kozorezov et al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 104504 (2013)
P.C.-O. Ranitzsch, arXiv:1409.0071[physics.ins-det] (2014)
D. Drung et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 17, 699 (2007)
C. Hassel et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 184, 910 (2016)
K. Prasai et al., Rev. Sci. Instr. 84, 083905 (2013)
I.M. Band, M.B. Trzhaskovskaya, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 35, 1 (1986)
J. Clarke, A.I. Braginski, eds., in The SQUID Handbook: Fundamentals and Technology of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004)
S. Kempf et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 28, 045008 (215)
D. Drung, M. Mück, SQUID electronics in The SQUID Handbook: Fundamentals and Technology of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems, edited by J. Clarke and A.I. Braginski (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004)
S.R. Bandler et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 167, 254 (2012)
J. Beyer, D. Drung, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21, 105022 (2008)
J.-P. Porst et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 23, 2500905 (2013)
K.D. Irwin, K.W. Lehnert, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2107 (2004)
K.W. Lehnert et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 17, 705 (2007)
J.M. Goodkind, D.L. Stolfa, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 799 (1970)
P.K. Hansma, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 4191 (1973)
R. Rifkin et al., J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2645 (1976)
S. Kempf et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 175, 850 (2014)
J.A.B. Mates et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 167, 707 (2012)
B.A. Mazin et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 559, 799 (2006)
S.J.C. Yates et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 042504 (2009)
R. Duan et al., Proc. of SPIE 7741, 77411 (2010)
S. Kempf et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 176, 426 (2014)
S. Kempf et al., AIP Advances 7, 015007 (2017)
C. Bueno, Radiographic Testing, in Nondestructive testing handbook, 3rd edn (The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, USA, 2002), Vol. 4
D. Rowe, Appl. Energ. 40, 241 (1991)
J. Runke et al., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 299, 1081 (2014)
J. Magill et al., Karlsruher Nuklidkarte, 8th edn. (Nucleonica GmbH, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, 2012)
J.W. Engle et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 311, 131 (2013)
S. Niese et al., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 233, 167 (1998)
G. Heusser. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 45, 543 (1995)
J. Korkisch. CRC Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins, Vol. I-V (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1988)
V. Mocko et al., Radiochim. Acta 103, 577 (2015)
H.L. Ravn et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 99, 1 (1983)
M. Fujioka et al., CYRIC Ann. Rep. 1981, 25 (1981)
M. Blann, H.K. Vonach, Phys. Rev. C 28, 1475 (1983)
K. Katsube et al., CYRIC Ann. Rep. 1982, 28 (1982)
F. Tárkányi et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 98, 87 (2015)
O. Kawakami et al., Phys. Rev. C 38, 1857 (1988)
A. Koning et al., TALYS-1.0 (EDP Sciences, 2007), p. 58
Z. Szucs et al., in Proceedings of the third international conference on application of radiotracers and energetic beams in sciences: extended abstracts of the plenary lectures and contributed papers (2014)
M. Maiti et al., in International Conference on Modern Trends in Activation Analysis 14 (MTAA 14) (2015)
M. Maiti et al., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 307, 1667 (2016)
S. Lahiri et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 27 (1999)
S. Lahiri et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 61, 1157 (2004)
R.A. Naumann et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 15, 195 (1960)
N. Holden, Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, cd-rom edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006), p. 11
U. Köster et al., Radiother. Oncol. 102, S102 (2012)
P. Armbruster et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 406 (1985)
N. Trautmann, H. Folger, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 282, 102 (1989)
K. Eberhardt et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 521, 208 (2004)
K. Zimmer. Ph.D. thesis, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 1995
F. Schneider et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 376, 388 (2016)
H. Dorrer et al., to be submitted in Radiochim. Acta
L. Monz et al., Spectrochim. Acta B 48, 1655 (1993)
K. Wendt. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 8, 273 (2002)
T. Gottwald et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1104, 138 (2009)
T. Kieck et al., to be submitted to NIM B
D. Liebe et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 590, 145 (2008)
F. Schneider et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 51, 89 (2015)
J. Repp et al., Appl. Phys. B 107, 983 (2012)
C. Sailer, Diploma thesis, Physikalisches Institut der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 2008
M. Köhler et al., Appl. Rad. Isot. 67, 736 (2009)
S. Agostinelli et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 506, 250 (2003)
J. Allison et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53, 270 (2006)
D.S. Leonard et al. (EXO-Collaboration), Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 591, 490 (2008)
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons, ICRU Report 37 (1984)
C.M. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 166, Nucl. Data Sheets 109, 1103 (2008)
S.Y.F. Chu, L.P. Ekström, R.B. Firestone, The Lund/LBNL Nuclear Data Search, Version 2.0, Feb. 1999, http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/toi/xray.asp
K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425, 1 (2006)
K. Blaum et al., Phys. Scr. T152, 014017 (2013)
L.S. Brown, G. Gabrielse, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 233 (1986)
L.S. Brown, G. Gabrielse, Phys. Rev. A 25, 2423 (1982)
M. König et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 142, 95 (1995)
K. Blaum et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 245 (2002)
H. Dehmelt, F. Walls, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 127 (1968)
M. Kretzschmar, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 264, 122 (2007)
S. George et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 162501 (2007)
S. George et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 264, 110 (2007)
S. Eliseev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 082501 (2013)
S. Eliseev et al., Appl. Phys. B 114, 107 (2014)
M. Block et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 39 (2007)
W. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. A 72, 022510 (2005)
S. Streubel et al., Appl. Phys. B 114, 137 (2014)
S. Sturm et al., Nature 506, 467 (2014)
F. Hartmann, R. Naumann Phys. Rev. C 31, 1594 (1985)
S. Yasumi et al., Phys. Lett. B 181, 169 (1986)
F. Bosch, M. Jung, GSI Annual Rep. 65, 1993
J. Ketelaer et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 594, 162 (2008)
A. Chaudhuri et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 47 (2007)
G. Savard et al., Phys. Lett. A 158, 247 (1991)
K. Blaum et al., J. Phys. B 36, 921 (2003)
C. Roux et al., Appl. Phys. B 107, 997 (2012)
Th. A. Carlson et al., Phys. Rev. 169, 27 (1968)
Th. A. Carlson, C. W. Nestor, Phys. Rev. A 8, 2887 (1973)
I. P. Grant, Adv. Phys. 19, 747 (1970)
J. P. Desclaux, Comp. Phys. Com. 9, 31 (1975)
A.L. Ankudinov et al., Comp. Phys. Com. 98, 359 (1996)
P.-O. Loewdin Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 1474 (1955)
E. Vatai, Nucl. Phys. A156, 541 (1970)
E. Vatai, Nucl. Phys. A402, 1 (1983)
K. Blaum K et al., Contem. Phys. 51, 149 (2010)
J.R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia et al., Hyperfine Interact. 127, 497 (2000)
S. Sturm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 143003 (2011)
K.N. Abazajian et al., arXiv:1204.5379 [hep-ph] (2012)
S. Gariazzo et al., J. Phys. G 43, 033001 (2016)
R. Adhikari et al., JCAP 01, 025 (2017)
L. Gastaldo et al., JHEP 06, 061 (2016)
C. Giunti et al., Phys. Rev. D 86, 113014 (2012)
C. Giunti et al., Phys. Rev. D 87, 013004 (2013)
C. Kraus et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 73, 2323 (2013)
A.I. Belesev et al., JETP Lett. 97, 67 (2013)
A.I. Belesev et al., J. Phys. G 41, 015001 (2014)
A. Esmaili, O. Peres, Phys. Rev. D 85, 117301 (2012)
P.E. Filianin et al., J. Phys. G 41, 095004 (2014)
L. Fleischmann et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19, 63 (2009)
P. Filianin et al., Phys. Lett. B 758, 457 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Gastaldo, L., Blaum, K., Chrysalidis, K. et al. The electron capture in 163Ho experiment – ECHo. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 226, 1623–1694 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2017-70071-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2017-70071-y