References
Albert R.M., Bar-Yosef O., Meignen L., Weiner S. 2003 Quantitative phytolith study of hearths from the Natufian and Middle Paleolithic levels of Hayonim Cave (Galilee, Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 30: 461–480.
Albert R.M., Lavi O., Estroff L., Weiner S., Tsatskin A., Ronen A., Lev-Yadun S. 1999 Mode of occupation of Tabun Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel during the Mousterian period: A study of the sediments and phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 26: 1249–1260.
Albert R.M., Weiner S., Bar-Yosef O., Meignen L. 2000 Phytoliths in the Middle Paleolithic deposits of Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel: Study of the plant materials used for fuel and other purposes. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 27: 931–947.
Alperson-Afil N., Richter D., Goren-Inbar N. (in press) Phantom hearths and controlled use of fire at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.
Austin L.A., Bergman C.A., Roberts M.B., Wilhelmsen K.H. 1999 Archaeology of excavated areas. In Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. London: English Heritage, pp. 312–377.
Barbetti M. 1986 Traces of fire in the archaeological record before one million years ago? Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 15: 771–781.
Barkai R., Gopher A., Lauritzen S.E., Frumkin A. 2003 Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Paleolithic. Nature, vol. 423: 977–979.
Bar-Yosef O., Goren-Inbar N. 1993 The Lithic Assemblages of ‘Ubeidiya: A Lower Paleolithic Site in the Jordan Valley. Jerusalem: Inst. of Archaeology Hebrew Univ.
Bellomo R.V. 1994a Early Pleistocene fire technology in Northern Kenya. In Society Culture and Technology in Africa. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania, pp. 17–28.
Bellomo R.V. 1994b Methods of determining early hominid behavioral activities associated with the controlled use of fire at FxJj 20 Main, Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 27: 173–195.
Binford L.R. 1978 Dimensional analysis of behavior and site structure: Learning from an Eskimo hunting stand. American Antiquity, vol. 43: 330–361.
Binford L.R. 1983 In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. London: Thames and Hudson.
Brain C.K., Sillen A. 1988 Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature, vol. 336: 464–466.
Breuil H. 1932 Le feu et l’industrie de pierre et d’os dans le gisement du ’sinanthropus’ a Chou Kou Tíen. L’Anthropologie, vol. 42: 1–17.
Brooks A.S., Yellen J.E. 1987 The preservation of activity areas in the archaeological record: Ethnoarchaeological and archaeological work in Northwest Ngamiland, Botswana. In Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 63–106.
Callow P., Walton D., Shell C.A. 1986 The use of fire at La Cotte de St. Brelade. In La Cotte de St. Brelade 1961–1978. Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 193–195.
Cessford C. 2003 Microartifactual floor patterning: The case at Catalhoyuk. Assemblage, vol. 7: 1–13. http://www.shef.ac.uk/assem/issue7/cessford.html.
Clark J.D. 1966 Acheulian occupation sites in the Middle East and Africa: A study in cultural variability. In Recent Studies in Paleoanthropology. Wisconsin: American Anthropological Association, pp. 202–229.
Clark J.D. 1968 The Middle Acheulian occupation site at Latamne Northern Syria (second paper): Further excavations (1965) — general results, definition and interpretation. QUATERNARIA, vol. 10: 1–71.
Clark J.E. 1991 Fintknapping and debitage disposal among the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. In The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal. Arizona: Arizona State Univ., pp. 63–78.
Clark J.D., Asfaw B., Assefa G., Harris J.W.K., Kurashina H., Walter R.C., White T.D., Williams M.A.J. 1984 Palaeoanthropological discoveries in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Nature, vol. 307: 423–428.
Clark J.D., Harris J.W.K. 1985 Fire and its roles in early hominid lifeways. The African Archaeological Review, vol. 3: 3–27.
DeBoer W.R. 1983 The archaeological record as preserved death assemblage. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories. New York: Academic Press, pp. 19–36.
Dennell R.W. 1989 Comments on “Hominid use of fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: Review of the evidence” (James, S.R.). Current Anthropology, vol. 30: 11–13.
Dennell R.W. 2003 Dispersal and colonization, long and short chronologies: How continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa? Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 45: 421–440.
Dunnell R.C., Stein J.K. 1989 Theoretical issues in the interpretation of microartifacts. Geoarchaeology, vol. 4: 31–42.
Falgueres C., Bahain J.-J., Yokoyama Y., Arsuaga J.L., Bermudez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Bischoff J.L., Dolo J.-M. 1999 Earliest humans in Europe: The age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 37: 343–352.
Feibel C.S. 2001 Archaeological sediments in lake margin environments. In Sediments in Archaeological Contexts. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press, pp. 127–148.
Feibel C.S. 2004 Quaternary lake margins of the Levant Rift Valley. In Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 21–36.
Fladmark K.R. 1982 Microdebitage analysis: Initial considerations. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 9: 205–220.
Freeman L.G. 1975 Acheulean sites and stratigraphy in Iberia and the Magreb. In After the Australopithecines. Stratigraphy, Ecology, and Culture Change in the Middle Pleistocene. Hague: Mouton Publishers, pp. 661–743.
Galanidou N. 1997 ’Home is where the hearth is’: The spatial organization of the Upper Paleolithic rockshelter occupations at Klithi and Kastritsa in Northwest Greece. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. (Int. Ser.; N 687).
Galanidou N. 2000 Patterns in caves: Foragers, horticulturists, and the use of space. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, vol. 19: 243–275.
Garrod D.A.E., Bate D.M.A. 1937 The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. London: Clarendon Press.
Gilead I. 2002 Too many notes? Virtual recording of artifacts provenance. In Virtual Archaeology. Arezzo: British Archaeological Reports, pp. pp. 41–43. (Int. Ser.; N 1075)
Goldberg P., Weiner S., Bar-Yosef O., Xu Q., Liu J. 2001 Site formation processes at Zhoukoudian, China. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 41: 483–530.
Gopher A., Barkai R., Shimelmitz R., Khalaily M., Lemorini C., Hershkovitz I., Stiner M. 2005 Qesem Cave: An Amudian site in Central Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, vol. 35: 69–92.
Goren-Inbar N., Alperson N., Kislev M.E., Simchoni O., Melamed Y., Ben-Nun A., Werker E. 2004 Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Science, vol. 304: 725–727.
Goren-Inbar N., Feibel C.S., Verosub K.L., Melamed Y., Kislev M.E., Tchernov E., Saragusti I. 2000 Pleistocene milestones on the out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Science, vol. 289: 944–947.
Goren-Inbar N., Lister A., Werker E., Chech M. 1994 A butchered elephant skull and associated artifacts from the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Paléorient, vol. 20: 99–112.
Goren-Inbar N., Saragusti I. 1996 An Acheulian biface assemblage from the site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel: Indications of African affinities. Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 23: 15–30.
Goren-Inbar N., Sharon G., Melamed Y., Kislev M. 2002 Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. PNAS, vol. 99: 2455–2460.
Goren-Inbar N., Werker E., Feibel C.S. 2002 The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov: The Wood Assemblage. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Goring-Morris A.N. 1988 Trends in spatial organization of terminal Pleistocene hunter-gatherer occupations as viewed from the Negev and Sinai. Paléorient, vol. 14: 231–244.
Gowlett J.A.J., Hallos J., Hounsell S., Brant V., Debenham N.C. (in press) Beeches Pit — archaeology, assemblage dynamics and early fire history of a Middle Pleistocene site in East Anglia, UK. Journal of Eurasian Prehistory.
Gowlett J.A.J., Harris J.W.K., Walton D., Wood B.A. 1981 Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya. Nature, vol. 294: 125–129.
Green H.J.M. 1961 An analysis of archaeological rubbish deposits. Archaeological News Letter, vol. 7: 91–93.
Hayden B., Cannon A. 1983 Where the garbage goes: Refuse disposal in the Maya highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, vol. 2: 117–163.
Hietala H. 1983 Boker Tachtit: Spatial distributions. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Dallas: Southern Methodist Univ., p. 191–202.
Hough W. 1916 The distribution of man in relation to the invention of fire-making methods. American Anthropologist, vol. 18: 257–263.
Howell F.C. 1966 Observations on the earlier phases of the European Lower Paleolithic. In Recent Studies in Paleoanthropology. Wisconsin: American Anthropological Association, pp. 88–201.
Hull K.L. 1987 Identification of cultural site formation processes through microdebitage analysis. American Antiquity, vol. 52: 772–783.
Huxtable J. 1986 The Thermoluminescence dates. In La Cotte de St. Brelade 1961–1978. Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 145–149.
Hyodo M., Nakaya H., Urabe A., Saegusa H., Shunrong X., Jiyun Y., Xuepin J. 2002 Paleomagnetic dates of hominid remains from Yuanmou, China, and other Asian sites. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 43: 27–41.
Isaac G.L. 1977 Olorgesailie: Archaeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Isaac G.L., Harris J.W.K. 1978 Archaeology. In Koobi Fora Research Project, vol 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 64–85.
James S.R. 1989 Hominid use of fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene. Current Anthropology, vol. 30: 1–26.
Kimmins J.P. 1997 Forest Ecology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Klein R.G. 2000 Archaeology and the evolution of human behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, vol. 9: 17–36.
Kretzoi M., Dobosi V.T. (eds.) 1990 Vértesszöllös Site, Man and Culture. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
Laukhin S.A., Ronen A., Pospelova G.A., Sharonova Z.V., Ranov V.A., Burdukiewicz J.M., Volgina V.A., Tsatskin A. 2001 New data on the geology and geochronology of the Lower Paleolithic site Bizat Ruhama in the Southern Levant. Paléorient, vol. 27: 69–80.
Leroi-Gourhan A., Brezillon M. 1972 Fouilles de Pincevent: Essai d’Analyse Ethnographique d’un Habitat Magdalenien. Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S.
Ljubin V.P., Bosinski G. 1995 The earliest occupation of the Caucasus region. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 207–253.
Mania D. 1995 The earliest occupation of Europe: The Elbe-Saale region (Germany). In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 85–101.
Marder O., Khalaily H., Rabinovich R., Gvirtzman G., Wieder M., Porat N., Ron H., Benkirer R., Saragusti I. 1998 The Lower Paleolithic Site of Revadim quarry: Preliminary finds. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, vol. 28: 21–53.
Mason R. 1969 Prehistory of the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press.
McGrew W.C. 1989 Comments on “Hominid use of fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: Review of the evidence” (James, S.R.). Current Anthropology, vol. 30: 16–17.
Mercier N., Valladas H., Valladas G., Reyss J.-L., Jelink A., Meignen L., Joron J.-L. 1995 TL dates of burnt flints from Jelinek’s excavations at Tabun and their implications. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 22: 495–509.
Metcalfe D., Heath K.M. 1990 Microrefuse and site structure: The hearths and floors of the Heartbreak Hotel. American Antiquity, vol. 55: 781–796.
Nadel D. 2001 Indoor/outdoor flint knapping and minute debitage remains: The evidence from the Ohalo II submerged eamp (19.5 KY, Jordan Valley). Lithic Technology, vol. 26: 118–137.
Neuville R. 1951 Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du Desert de Judée. Paris: Masson et CIE.
Oakley K.P. 1954 Evidence of fire in South African cave deposits. Nature, vol. 174: 261–262.
Oakley K.P. 1956 Fire as Paleolithic tool and weapon. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 21: 36–48.
Oakley K.P. 1961 On man’s use of fire, with comments on tool-making and hunting. In Social Life of Early Man. Chicago: Aldine, pp. 176–193.
O’Connell J.F. 1987 Alyawara site structure and its archaeological implications. American Antiquity, vol. 52: 74–108.
Oms O., Parés J.M., Martínez-Navarro B., Agustí J., Toro I., Martínez-Fernández G., Turq A. 2000 Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two Paleolithic sites in Spain. PNAS, vol. 97: 10666–10670.
Parés J.M., Pérez-González A. 1999 Magnetochronology and stratigraphy at Gran Dolina section, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 37: 325–342.
Pecsi M. 1990 Geomorphological position and absolute age of the Vértesszöllös Lower Paleolithic site. In Vértesszöllös Site, Man and Culture. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 27–41.
Pope G.G. 1983 Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae. PNAS, vol. 80: 4988–4992.
Purdy B.A. 1975 Fractures for the archaeologist. In Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools. Paris: Mouton Publishers, pp. 133–141.
Purdy B.A. 1982 Pyrotechnology: Prehistoric application to chert materials in North America. In Early Pyrotechnology: The Evolution of the First Fire-Using Industries. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 31–44.
Purdy B.A., Brooks H.K. 1971 Thermal alternation of silica minerals: An archeological approach. Science, vol. 173: 322–325.
Raposo L., Santonja M. 1995 The earliest occupation of Europe: The Iberian peninsula. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 7–25.
Rathje W.L. 1979 Modern material culture studies. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 2: 1–37
Raynal L.-P., Magoga L., Bindon P. 1995 Thephrofacts and the first human occupation of the French Massif Central. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 129–146.
Rink W.J., Schwarcz H.P., Ronen A., Tsatskin A. 2004 Confirmation of a near 400 ka age for the Yabrudian industry at Tabun Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 31: 15–20.
Roebroeks W. 2001 Hominid behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe: An exploration. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 41: 437–461.
Roebroeks W., Kolfschoten T. van. 1995a The earliest occupation of Europe: A reappraisal of artefactual and chronological evidence. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 297–315.
Roebroeks W., Kolfschoten T. van. (eds.) 1995b The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden.
Ronen A., Burdukiewicz J.M., Laukhin S.A., Winter Y., Tsatskin A., Dayan T., Kulikov O.A., Vlasov V.K., Semenov V.V. 1998 The Lower Paleolithic site Bizat Ruhama in the Northern Negev, Israel: Preliminary report, 1996 excavations. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, vol. 28: 163–173.
Rowlett R.M. 2000 Fire control by Homo erectus in East Africa and Asia. ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA, vol. 19: 198–208.
Rowlett R.M., Davis M.G., Graber R.B. 1999 Friendly fire. Discovering Archaeology, vol. 1: 82–89.
Scarre C. 1998 Exploring Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Schiffer M.B. 1972 Archaeological context and systemic context. American Antiquity, vol. 37: 156–165.
Schiffer M.B. 1976 Behavioral Archeology. New York: Academic Press.
Schiffer M.B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press.
Simek J.F. 1984 Integrating pattern and context in spatial archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 11: 405–420.
Simms S.R. 1988 The archaeological structure of a Bedouin camp. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 15: 197–211.
Spurling B., Hayden B. 1984 Ethnoarchaeology and intrasite spatial analysis: A case study from the Australian Western desert. In Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 224–241.
Stapert D. 1990 Middle Paleolithic dwellings: Fact or fiction? Some applications of the ring and sector method. Palaeohistoria, vol. 32: 1–19.
Stein J.K., Teltser P.A. 1989 Size distributions of artifact classes: Combining macro-and-micro-fractions. Geoarchaeology, vol. 4: 1–30.
Stekelis M. 1960 The Paleolithic deposits of Jisr Banat Yakub. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel. Geo-Sciences 9G, vol. 2/3: 61–90.
Stevenson M.G. 1991 Beyond the formation of hearth-associated artifact assemblages. In The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 269–299.
Stewart O.C. 1956 Fire as the first great force employed by man. In Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 115–133.
Stiner M.C., Barkai R., Gopher A. 2004 The Acheulo-Yabrudian faunas from Qesem Cave (Israel): Preliminary results. In 69th Annual Meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society and Society for American Archaeology. March 30–April 4. Montreal.
Thieme H. 1997 Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature, vol. 385: 807–810.
Thoma A. 1990 Human tooth and bone remains from Vértesszöllös. In Vértesszöllös Site, Man and Culture. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 253–262.
Valoch K. 1995 The earliest occupation of Europe: Eastern Central and Southeastern Europe. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Univ. of Leiden, pp. 67–84.
Vance E.D. 1987 Microdebitage and archaeological activity analysis. Archaeology, vol. 40: 58–59.
Vaquero M., Pasto I. 2001 The definition of spatial units in Middle Paleolithic sites: The hearth-related assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 28: 1209–1220.
Vertes L., Dobosi V.T. 1990 Fireplaces of the settlement. In Vértesszöllös Site, Man and Culture. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 519–521.
Villa P. 1983 Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene Archaeological Record of Southern France. San Diego: Univ. of California Press.
Villa P. 1994 Europe: Lower and Middle Pleistocene archaeology. In History of Humanity. Vol. 1: Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization. London: Routledge, pp. 44–61.
Villa P. 2001 Fire and fireplaces in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene of Western Europe. Paper presented at the XIVth UISPP Congress. Liege.
Wadley L. 2006 The use of space in the late Middle Stone Age of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa. In Transitions Before the Transitions: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., pp. 279–294.
Weiner S., Goldberg P., Bar-Yosef O. 2002 Three-dimensional distribution of minerals in the sediments of Hayonim Cave, Israel: Diagenetic processes and archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29: 1289–1308.
Weiner S., Xu Q., Goldberg P., Liu J., Bar-Yosef O. 1998 Evidence for the use of fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science, vol. 281: 251–253.
Whelan R.J. 1995 The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Yellen J.E. 1977 Archaeological Approaches to the Present: Models for Reconstructing the Past. New York: Academic Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alperson-Afil, N., Goren-Inbar, N. Out of Africa and into Eurasia with controlled use of fire: Evidence from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Archeol.Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 28, 63–78 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1563011006040086
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1563011006040086