Abstract
Catalysts of the general composition CrOx–ZrO2–SiO2 were prepared by two procedures: (1) one-step precipitation of all the components and (2) introduction of CrOx by impregnation of the ZrO2–SiO2 support. The CrOx content was varied from 4 to 9 wt % in terms of the Cr2O3 stoichiometry. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of the catalysts in nonoxidative propane dehydrogenation in a flow-through system with a fixed catalyst bed was compared. The one-step synthesis method ensures uniform distribution of chromium oxides in the catalyst. The presence of the silica precursor in the course of precipitation inhibits the Cr2O3 and ZrO2 crystallization and ensures close contact of coordination-unsaturated Zr4+ sites with Cr3+ sites on the surface; therefore, the catalysts prepared by the one-step method are more active. The low activity of the catalysts prepared by impregnation is caused by the formation of coarse Cr2O3 particles heterogeneously distributed on the surface. In the course of nonoxidative propane hydrogenation, the surface of the catalysts undergoes coking, which leads to a decrease in their activity. Short treatment in air at 550°С virtually fully restores the activity of the catalysts prepared by the one-step method.
REFERENCES
Chen, S., Chang, X., Sun, G., Zhang, T., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Pei, C., and Gong, J., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2021, vol. 50, pp. 3315–3354. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00814A
Sattler, J.J.H.B., Ruiz-Martinez, J., Santillan-Jimenez, E., and Weckhuysen, B.M., Chem. Rev., 2014, vol. 114, pp. 10613–10653. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5002436
Feng, B., Wei, Y.-C., Song, W.-Y., and Xu, C.-M., Petrol. Sci., 2022, vol. 19, pp. 819–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.015
Otroshchenko, T., Jiang, G., Kondratenko, V.A., Rodemerck, U., and Kondratenko, E.V., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2021, vol. 50, pp. 473–527. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01140A
Siahvashi, A., Chesterfield, D., and Adesina, A.A., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, vol. 52, pp. 4017–4026. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302392h
Atanga, M.A., Rezaei, F., Jawad, A., Fitch, M., and Rownaghi, A.A., Appl. Catal. B, 2018, vol. 220, pp. 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.052
Huš, M., Kopač, D., and Likozar, B., J. Catal., 2020, vol. 386, pp. 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.037
Nawaz, Z., Rev. Chem. Eng., 2015, vol. 31, pp. 413–436. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2015-0012
Yang, M.-L., Zhu, Y.-A., Zhou, X.-G., Sui, Z.-J., and Chen, D., ACS Catal., 2012, vol. 2, pp. 1247–1258. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs300031d
Büchele, S., Zichittella, G., Kanatakis, S., Mitchell, S., and Pérez-Ramírez, J., ChemCatChem, 2021, vol. 13, pp. 2599–2608. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100208
Kopač, D., Likozar, B., and Huš, M., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2022, vol. 575, ID 151653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151653
Sattler, J.J.H.B., González-Jiménez, I.D., Mens, A.M., Arias, M., Visser, T., and Weckhuysen, B.M., Chem. Commun., 2013, vol. 49, pp. 1518–1520. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC38978A
Fridman, V.Z. and Xing, R., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2017, vol. 56, pp. 7937–7947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01638
Botavina, M., Barzan, C., Piovano, A., Braglia, L., Agostini, G., Martra, G., and Groppo, E., Catal. Sci. Technol., 2017, vol. 7, pp. 1690–1700. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CY00142H
Otroshchenko, T., Kondratenko, V.A., Rodemerck, U., Linke, D., and Kondratenko, E.V., J. Catal., 2017, vol. 348, pp. 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.016
He, D., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., Mei, Y., and Luo, Y., ChemCatChem, 2018, vol. 10, pp. 5434–5440. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801598
Otroshchenko, T.P., Rodemerck, U., Linke, D., and Kondratenko, E.V., J. Catal., 2017, vol. 356, pp. 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.10.012
Han, S., Otroshchenko, T., Zhao, D., Lund, H., Rockstroh, N., Vuong, T.H., Rabeah, J., Rodemerck, U., Linke, D., Gao, M., Jiang, G., and Kondratenko, E.V., Appl. Catal. A, 2020, vol. 590, ID 117350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2019.117350
Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Otroshchenko, T., Lund, H., Pohl, M.-M., Rodemerck, U., Linke, D., Jiao, H., Jiang, G., and Kondratenko, E.V., Nature Commun., 2018, vol. 9, ID 3794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06174-5
Zubkov, A., Bugrova, T., Salaev, M., and Mamontov, G., Crystals, 2021, vol. 11, ID 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111435
Jeon, N., Choe, H., Jeong, B., and Yun, Y., Catal. Today, 2020, vol. 352, pp. 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.12.012
Golubina, E.V., Kaplin, I.Y., Gorodnova, A.V., Lokteva, E.S., Isaikina, O.Y., and Maslakov, K.I., Molecules, 2022, vol. 27, ID 6095. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186095
Ciszak, C., Mermoux, M., Gutierrez, G., Leprêtre, F., Duriez, C., Popa, I., Fayette, L., and Chevalier, S., J. Raman Spectrosc., 2019, vol. 50, pp. 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5513
Marinković Stanojević, Z.V., Romčević, N., and Stojanović, B., J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2007, vol. 27, pp. 903–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.057
Chakrabarti, A., Gierada, M., Handzlik, J., and Wachs, I.E., Top. Catal., 2016, vol. 59, pp. 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0546-6
Ayari, F., Mhamdi, M., Álvarez-Rodríguez, J., Ruiz, A.R.G., Delahay, G., and Ghorbel, A., Appl. Catal. B, 2013, vols. 134–135, pp. 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.026
Lee, E.L. and Wachs, I.E., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, vol. 111, pp. 14410–14425. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0735482
Dementjev, A.P., Ivanova, O.P., Vasilyev, L.A., Naumkin, A.V., Nemirovsky, D.M., and Shalaev, D.Y., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1994, vol. 12, pp. 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.579258
Steinberger, R., Duchoslav, J., Greunz, T., Arndt, M., and Stifter, D., Corros. Sci., 2015, vol. 90, pp. 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.10.049
Biesinger, M.C., Brown, C., Mycroft, J.R., Davidson, R.D., and McIntyre, N.S., Surf. Interface Anal., 2004, vol. 36, pp. 1550–1563. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1983
Biesinger, M.C., Payne, B.P., Grosvenor, A.P., Lau, L.W.M., Gerson, A.R., and Smart, R.S.C., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, vol. 257, pp. 2717–2730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.10.051
Wichterlová, B., Krajčíková, L., Tvarůžková, Z., and Beran, S., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1984, vol. 80, pp. 2639–2645. https://doi.org/10.1039/F19848002639
Wang, F., Fan, J.-L., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W.-X., Liang, Y., Lu, J.-Q., Luo, M.-F., and Wang, Y.-J., J. Fluorine Chem., 2014, vol. 166, pp. 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.07.030
Bai, P.T., Manokaran, V., Saiprasad, P.S., and Srinath, S., Procedia Eng., 2015, vol. 127, pp. 1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.492
Zhong, L., Yu, Y., Cai, W., Geng, X., and Zhong, Q., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, vol. 17, pp. 15036–15045. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP00896D
Kanervo, J.M. and Krause, A.O.I., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, vol. 105, pp. 9778–9784. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0114079
Ferrari, A.C., Solid State Commun., 2007, vol. 143, pp. 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2007.03.052
Deng, C.-H., Gong, J.-L., Zhang, P., Zeng, G.-M., Song, B., and Liu, H.-Y., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2017, vol. 488, pp. 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.078
Reich, S. and Thomsen, C., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2004, vol. 362, pp. 2271–2288. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1454
Nakamizo, M., Kammereck, R., and Walker, P.L., Carbon, 1974, vol. 12, pp. 259–267. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(74)90068-2
Zhou, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, T., Ye, M., and Liu, Z., Chin. J. Catal., 2020, vol. 41, pp. 1048–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63552-5
Santhosh Kumar, M., Hammer, N., Rønning, M., Holmen, A., Chen, D., Walmsley, J.C., and Øye, G., J. Catal., 2009, vol. 261, pp. 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2008.11.014
Zhao, Y., Sohn, H., Hu, B., Niklas, J., Poluektov, O.G., Tian, J., Delferro, M., and Hock, A.S., ACS Omega, 2018, vol. 3, pp. 11117–11127. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00862
Macnaughtan, M.L., Soo, H.S., and Frei, H., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, vol. 118, pp. 7874–7885. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5014994
Fridman, V.Z., Xing, R., and Severance, M., Appl. Catal. A, 2016, vol. 523, pp. 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2016.05.008
Conley, M.P., Delley, M.F., Núñez-Zarur, F., Comas-Vives, A., and Copéret, C., Inorg. Chem., 2015, vol. 54, pp. 5065–5078. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic502696n
Sattler, J.J.H.B., Mens, A.M., and Weckhuysen, B.M., ChemCatChem, 2014, vol. 6, pp. 3139–3145. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402649
Węgrzyniak, A., Jarczewski, S., Węgrzynowicz, A., Michorczyk, B., Kuśtrowski, P., and Michorczyk, P., Nanomaterials, 2017, vol. 7, ID 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090249
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge support from the Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development for providing access to the XPS and TEM facilities
Funding
The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 22-23-00445).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
E.V. Golubina: concept of the study, SEM examination, TPR-Н2 experiments, and interpretation of the results; I.Yu. Kaplin: synthesis of the samples and study of their catalytic activity and stability; A.V. Gorodnova: synthesis of the samples and study of their catalytic activity; E.S. Lokteva: formulation of the research direction, interpretation of the results of X-ray diffraction, SEM, and thermal analysis; O.Ya. Isaikina: Raman study of the samples and interpretation of the results; K.I. Maslakov: XPS study of the samples and interpretation of the results.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Nos. 11–12, pp. 1365–1381, August, 2022 https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044461822110020
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Golubina, E.V., Kaplin, I.Y., Gorodnova, A.V. et al. CrOx–ZrO2–SiO2 Catalysts for Nonoxidative Propane Dehydrogenation, Prepared by Impregnation and One-Step Precipitation of the Components. Russ J Appl Chem 95, 1677–1692 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427222110027
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427222110027