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Position-Sensitive Thermal and Cold Neutron Detectors with \(_{2}^{3}{\text{He}}\) Gas Converter (Review)

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Abstract

A brief analytical review of position-sensitive thermal and cold neutron detectors based on a \(_{2}^{3}{\text{He}}\) gas converter is presented. Most attention is paid to new approaches and technical solutions that determine the developmental trends of the methodology.

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Notes

  1. Hereinafter, we use the abbreviations adopted in foreign literature.

  2. Converters are also called radiators.

  3. Isotopic abundance in nature of \(_{2}^{3}{\text{He}}\) is 0.00014% and, of \(_{2}^{4}{\text{He}}\), 99.99986%; other helium isotopes are unstable; hereinafter, nuclear charge z = 2 will be suppressed.

  4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285860794_The_Helium3_Shortage_Supply_Demand_and_Options_for_Congress. In [6], it is noted that, in 1995, the price of a liter of 3He was about US $100 and, after 2014, US $1,500–4,000.

  5. On pulsed sources, the neutron flight time is measured and the neutron wavelength and energy are determined with high accuracy.

  6. The space resolution is hereinafter referred to as the full width at half maximum (FWHM).

  7. The gas amplification factor and the electron drift velocity depend on E/p (E is the field strength and p is the gas pressure). With increasing pressure in gas-discharge detectors, it is necessary to increase the voltage to maintain the ratio E/p unchanged.

  8. On the path of neutrons to their detection, there should be no organic materials containing hydrogen, which strongly scatters neutrons.

  9. The tracks of the fragments of reaction (1) touch the walls of the casing; in this case, some of the primary electrons are lost; as a result, the signal amplitude decreases and a tail in the amplitude spectrum, extending from the main peak to zero, appears: the window effect.

  10. SRIM—The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter, http://www.srim.org/.

  11. Schott S8900 glass, unlike Desag D263 and Corning 7740, is electrically stable, with which no changes in the MSGC characteristics were noticed.

  12. The surface resistance of a resistive film of thickness d does not depend on the size of the square and is determined by the ratio R = ρ/d [Ω/□], where ρ is the resistivity of the film material.

  13. See also A. Oed et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 416, 263 (1998).

  14. L. Margato, Jornadas LIP, Lisbon, Portugal, 2012.

  15. For example, Hamamatsu R292 photomultiplier with a spectral region of 185–900 nm.

  16. http:mpgd.web.cern.ch/mpgd/.

  17. Do not confuse the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) with the well-known abbreviation for the neutron diffractometer at the ISIS: General Materials Diffractometer.

  18. Triethylamine vapor.

  19. G. Iakovidis on behalf of the ATLAS Muon Collaboration VMM-An ASIC for Micro-Pattern Detector. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817407001

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Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (agreement no. 075-02-2018-260 of November 26, 2018; unique project identification number RFMEFI60718X0200. Application code 2018-14-000-0001-024).

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  1. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300, Gatchina, Leningrad oblast, Russia

    A. P. Kashchuk & O. V. Levitskaya

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  1. A. P. Kashchuk
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Correspondence to A. P. Kashchuk.

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Translated by E. Chernokozhin

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Kashchuk, A.P., Levitskaya, O.V. Position-Sensitive Thermal and Cold Neutron Detectors with \(_{2}^{3}{\text{He}}\) Gas Converter (Review). Tech. Phys. 65, 493–513 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063784220040118

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