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Properties of Stellar Populations of Eight Galactic Global Clusters with Low Central Surface Brightness

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of the analysis of the integrated-light spectra of eight Galactic globular clusters with a relatively low luminosity and stellar density: Palomar 1, Palomar 2, Palomar 10, Palomar 13, Palomar 14, NGC 6426, NGC 6535, and NGC 6749. The absorption spectral indices in the Lick system were measured in their spectra, as well as in the spectra of bright clusters: NGC 7006, NGC 6229, NGC 6779, NGC 6205, NGC 6341, and NGC 2419. The age, metallicity, and approximate abundance of the \(\alpha \)-process elements were determined for eight objects under study. The material of the study was the archival observational data of the 1.93-m telescope of the Haute-Provence Observatory. For seven out of eight objects, galactic analogs with close values of the Lick indices within the limits of their determination errors were found. The coincidence of the Lick indices implies the similarity of age and chemical composition. The available literature data confirm our conclusions regarding the similarity of the properties of the clusters’ stellar populations. According to the literature data on the spatial position and motion of objects, the objects of study turned out to belong, as a rule, to the same subsystems of the Galaxy as their analogs. No globular clusters with a complete set of Lick indices similar to those of Palomar 1 were found, which supports the literature conclusions about its possible extragalactic origin. Our photometry of stars in the VLT images and the Gaia DR3 data allowed us to estimate the metallicity, age, color excess, and distance for Palomar 10. The Gaia DR3 data for NGC 6426 were analyzed.

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Notes

  1. Iron abundance in solar units: [Fe/H] = \(\log({{N}_{{{\text{Fe}}}}}{\text{/}}{{N}_{{\text{H}}}}) - \log{{({{N}_{{{\text{Fe}}}}}{\text{/}}{{N}_{{\text{H}}}})}_{ \odot }}\), where \({{N}_{{{\text{Fe}}}}}{\text{/}}{{N}_{{\text{H}}}}\) is the ratio of the iron and hydrogen abundances by the number of atoms or mass. The mass fractions of hydrogen X, helium Y, and metals Z for the Sun are given in [2]; X + Y + Z = 1.

  2. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/PosSlit/

  3. https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/

  4. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/Num/

  5. http://www.eso.org/observing/dfo/quality/FORS2/qc/photcoeff/photcoeffs_fors2.html

  6. http://ulyss.univ-lyon1.fr

  7. http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/elodie/; http://ulyss.univ-lyon1.fr/models.html

  8. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/AtmPar/

  9. http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/html/system.html

  10. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/SpComp/

  11. http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/html/index.table.html

  12. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/LickIMF/

  13. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/CMDpos

  14. http://basti-iac.oa-abruzzo.inaf.it/isocs.html

  15. http://astro.wsu.edu/ftp/WO97/export.dat

  16. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/LickCalibr/

  17. According to [51], \({{{\text{H}}}_{{{{\delta }_{{\text{F}}}}}}}{\text{/}}{{{\text{H}}}_{\beta }} \geqslant 1.05\) for globular clusters with blue HB (\({\text{HBR}} = (B - R){\text{/}}(B + V + R) \sim 1\)), and \({{{\text{H}}}_{{{{\delta }_{{\text{F}}}}}}}{\text{/}}{{{\text{H}}}_{\beta }} \leqslant \) 0.85 for objects with red HB (HBR = (B – R)/(B + V + R) ~ –1). The intermediate \({{{\text{H}}}_{{{{\delta }_{{\text{F}}}}}}}{\text{/}}{{{\text{H}}}_{\beta }}\) values are typical, respectively, for clusters with approximately equal numbers of stars in the red and blue parts of the HB.

  18. In contrast to the inner halo clusters, the outer halo objects are located at distances from the center of the Galaxy more than 15 kpc. Galactic halo clusters on average have the age of \( \geqslant \)10 Gyr and [Fe/H] < –1.3 dex (see, e.g., [44]).

  19. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/SpComp/ ULySSngc6426_7078all.ps

  20. ftp://ftp.sao.ru/pub/sme/LickIndOHP/CMDpos/cmdN6535.ps

  21. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia

  22. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank E. Davoust and the OHP for providing the OHP observational data. This study was carried out based on observations collected by the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere as part of the ESO 077.D-0775 program and used the services of the ESO Science Archives Foundation. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) missionFootnote 21 processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPACFootnote 22). Funding for DPAC was provided by national institutions, in particular, institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.

Funding

The study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 18-02-00167 а.

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  1. Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia

    M. E. Sharina & M. I. Maricheva

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Sharina, M.E., Maricheva, M.I. Properties of Stellar Populations of Eight Galactic Global Clusters with Low Central Surface Brightness. Astron. Rep. 65, 455–476 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772921060068

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