Skip to main content
Log in

Sotalol nanolevel detection at an Au microelectrode in flowing solutions

  • Published:
Russian Journal of Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sotalol detection in tablets is achieved with the help of a newly developed, time-saving, and simple method, called fast Fourier transform with continuous cyclic voltammetry (FFTCV). Noticeably, FFTCV illustrates two advantages, not being demonstrated by earlier reports. First, there is no requirement for the oxygen removal from the test solution. In addition, the speed of the method for determining any compound is high in a broad range of chromatographic methods. This research includes the observation of effects of various parameters (influence of the pH of the eluent, accumulation potential, sweep rate, accumulation time) on the sensitivity of the detection system. Finally, the technique was found to be linear for the concentration range of 3–14900 pg/ml (r = 0.998) with a limit of detection and quantitation of 0.95 pg/ml and 3 pg/ml, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Singh, B.N., Deedwania, P., Nademane, K., Ward, A., and Sorkin, E.M., Drugs., 1987, vol. 34, p. 311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Antonaccio, M.J. and Gomoll, A., Am. J. Cardiol., Ser. A, 1990, vol. 12, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Karkkainen, S., J. Chromatogr., 1984, vol. 336, p. 313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Poirier, J.M., Jaillon, P., and Cheymol, G., Ther. Drug Monit., 1986, vol. 8, p. 474.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Urech, R., Chan, L., and Duffy, P., J. Chromatogr., 1990, vol. 534, p. 271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Boutagy, J. and Shenfield, G.M., J. Chromatogr., 1991, vol. 565, p. 523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zilli, M. and Zorzenon, L., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 1998, vol. 708, p. 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bartek, M.J., Vekshteyn, M., Boarman, M.P., and Gallo, D.G., J. Chromatogr., 1987, vol. 421, p. 309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoyer, G.L., J. Chromatogr., 1988, vol. 427, p. 181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Musch, G., Buelens, Y., and Massart, D.L., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1989, vol. 7, p. 483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Verbesselt, R., Tjandramaga, T.B., and Schepper, P.J., Ther. Drug Monit., 1991, vol. 13, p. 157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Laer, S., Wauer, I., and Scholz, H., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 2001, vol. 753, p. 421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schlauch, M., Fulde, K., and Frahm, A.W., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 2002, vol. 775, p. 197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zarghi, A., Foroutan, S.M., Shafaati, A., and Khoddam, A., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2006, vol. 41, p. 1433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ranta, V., Toropainen, E., Talvitie, A., Auriola, S., and Urtti, A., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B., 2002, vol. 772, p. 81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Badaloni, E., Dacquarica, I., Gasparrini, F., Lalli, S., Misiti, D., Pazzucconi, F., and Sirtori, C.R., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 2003, vol. 796, p. 45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Matloobi, P., Electrochem. Commun., 2005, vol. 7, p. 333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Nabi Bidhendi, G.R., Sepehri, A., and Ghorbani, M., Microchim. Acta, 2005, vol. 152, p. 123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ganjali, M.R., Norouzi, P., Ghorbani, M., and Sepehri, A., Talanta, 2005, vol. 66, p. 1225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ganjali, M.R., Norouzi, P., Ghorbani, M., and Sepehri, A., Sensors Actuators., Ser. B, 2005, vol. 110, p. 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Alizadeh, T., and Daneshgar, P., Electroanalysis, 2006, vol. 18, p. 947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wightman, R.M. and Wipf, D.O., Voltammetry at Ultramicroelectrodes, vol. 15: Electroanalytical Chemistry, Bard, A.J., Ed., New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lipkowski, J. and Stolberg, L., Adsorption of Molecules at Metal Electrodes, New York: VCH, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bockris, J.O.M., Conway, B.E., and Yeager, E., Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, New York; London: Plenum, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Shirvani-Arani, S., and Mohammadi, A., J. Pharm. Sci., 2006, vol. 95, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Norouzi, P., Shirvani-Arani, S., Daneshgar, P., and Ganjali, M.R., Biosens. Bioelec., 2006, vol. 22, p. 1068.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Norouzia, P., Ganjalia, M.R., and Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A., J. Brazilian Chem. Soc., 2007, vol. 18, p. 231.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Daneshgar, P., Anal. Lett., 2007, vol. 40, p. 547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Hajiaghababaei, L., Anal. Lett., 2006, vol. 39, p. 1941.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Daneshgar, P., Sensors. Actuators, Ser. B, 2007, vol. 123, p. 1125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Norousi P., Ganjali M.R., Daneshgar, P., Alizadeh, T., and Mohammadi, A., Anal. Biochem., 2007, vol. 360, p. 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Daneshgar, P., J. Pharm. Toxicol. Methods, 2007, vol. 55, p. 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Moosavi-movahedi, A.A., and Larijani, B., Talanta, 2007; doi:/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.02.029.

  34. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Zare, M., Mohammadi, A., J. Pharm. Sciences, 2007, vol. 96, p. 2009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., and Akbari-Adergani, B., Acta Chim. Slovenica, 2007, vol. 53, p. 499.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nabi Bidhendi, G., Norouzi, P., Daneshgar, P., Ganjali, M.R., J. Hazardous Materials, 2007, vol. 143, p. 264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Labbafi, S., and Mohammadi, A., Anal. Lett., 2007, vol. 40, p. 747.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Daneshgar, P., Dinarvand, P., Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A., and aboury, A.A., Anal. Chimica Acta, 2007, vol. 590, p. 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mohammadi, A., Haririan, I., Rezanour, N., Ghiasi, L., and Walker, R.B., J. Chromatogr., Ser. A, 2006, vol. 153, p. 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mohammadi, A., Kanfer, I., Sewram, V., and Walker, R.B., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 2005, vol. 148, p. 824.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mohammadi, A., Rezanour, N., Ansari Dogaheh, M., Ghorbani Bidkorbeh, F., Hashem, M., and Walker, R.B., J. Chromatogr., Ser. B, 2006 (in press).

  42. United States Pharmacopeia 28-NF 23, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, INC., Rockville, MD, 2005, p. 2748.

  43. Miller, J.C. and Miller, J.N., Statistics for Analytical Chemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1984, vol. 22, p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Al-Kurdi, Z., Al-Jallad, T., Badwanamd, A.A., and Jaber, M.Y., Talanta, 1999, vol. 50, p. 1089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. International Conference on Harmonisation(ICH) Topic Q2, vol B: Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology, The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Geneva, 1996.

  46. Heyden, Y.V., Nijhuis, A., Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Vandeginste, B.G.M., and Massaret, D.L., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2001, vol. 24, p. 723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Norouzi.

Additional information

Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 1103–1110.

The text was submitted by the authors in English.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Norouzi, P., Ganjali, M.R., Emami Meibodi, A.S. et al. Sotalol nanolevel detection at an Au microelectrode in flowing solutions. Russ J Electrochem 44, 1024–1030 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193508090061

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193508090061

Key words

Navigation