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Poles, Members of the Council of State, and the Polish Question in the Imperial Policy of Russia in the Early 1830s

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Abstract

The article analyzes the official and political biographies of prominent dignitaries and military leaders of Poland, including K.F. Drutsky-Lyubetsky, S.F. Grabovsky, V.I. Krasinsky, S.A. Zamoysky, A.A. Rozhnetsky, and I.L. Turkul, who became members of the Imperial Council of State after the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831, and studies domestic and foreign policy aspects of the problem of incorporation of representatives of the Polish administrative elite into supreme legislative institutions of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to study the transformation of the policy towards the Kingdom of Poland from constitutionalism and autonomy under Alexander I to the system of absolute monarchical government and bureaucratic centralization in the reign of Nicholas I in the context of the participation of Poles in the activities of the Council of State and of its departments and committees. In this regard, special attention is paid to the study of the mechanisms for formalizing the Russification program of autocratic power aimed at establishing a new status of the Kingdom of Poland and a new model of its administration developed by the Committee of Affairs for the Kingdom of Poland and by the Department for Affairs of the Kingdom under the Polish Council of State, determined the role of these Polish statesmen in their activities, primarily in the creation of the Organic Statute on February 14, 1832, and of specific legislative acts that determined the administrative, socio-economic, and financial integration of Polish lands into the empire. The article identifies the socio-political reasons for the failure of Nicholas I to use the “Polish potential” for solving imperial problems. It is demonstrated that the contradictions that existed between the government program aimed at abolishing the state-legal and financial autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland and the ideological setting of the dignitaries who considered it most important to preserve the Polish national identity and independence that underlaid their unwillingness to participate in the legislative activities of the imperial Council of State.

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Notes

  1. Kornilov, A.A. Russkaya politika v Polshe so vremeni razdelov do nachala XX veka [Russian Policy in Poland from the Time of Partitions to the Beginning of the 20th century], Petrograd, 1915, pp. 30–39.

  2. Polievktov, M.A. Nikolay I. Biografiya i obzor tsarstvovaniya [Nicholas I. Biography and Review of the Reign], Saint-Peteresburg, 2019; Comp. and intro. article by L.V. Vyskochkov. Saint-Peteresburg, 2019. pp. 41–42, 122–139.

  3. Gorizontov, L.E.: 1) Paradoksy imperskoj politiki: Polyaki v Rossii i russkie v Pol’she. (XIX – nachalo XX v.). Moscow, 1999. pp. 1, 2, 12–39; 2) Sluzhit’ ili ne sluzhit' imperii? Polyaki v Rossii XIX v. [1) Paradoxes of Imperial Politics: Poles in Russia and Russians in Poland. (XIX – Beginning of XX century). Moscow, 1999. pp. 1, 2, 12–39; 2) To Serve or Not to Serve the Empire? Poles in Russia in the 19th century] Russian-Polish Language, Literary and Cultural Contacts. Moscow, 2011, pp. 297–307.

  4. Epstein, E.E. Deyatel’nost’ Komiteta po delam Carstva Pol’skogo pri Gosudarstvennom sovete (1831–1835 gg.): proekty i strategiya upravleniya [Activities of the Committee of Affairs for the Kingdom of Poland under the Council of State (1831–1835): Projects and Management Strategy], Moscow, 2015, p. 5.

  5. Vyskochkov, L.V. 1) Imperator Nikolaj I: chelovek i gosudar'. [1) Emperor Nicholas I: a Man and a Sovereign], Saint-Peteresburg, 2001, pp. 305–311; Nikolaj I i ego epokha. Ocherki istorii Rossii vtoroy chetverti XIX veka [2) Nicholas I and His Era. Essays on the History of Russia in the Second Quarter of the 19th century], Moscow, 2018, pp. 380–398.

  6. Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Gosudarstvennyj sovet pri Nikolae I: osobennosti funktsionirovaniya [Council of State under Nicholas I: Features of Functioning], Moscow; Saint-Peteresburg, 2018, pp. 107–108, 197–199, 237–248.

  7. Smolka, S. Polityka Lubeckiego przed powstaniem listopadowym. Vol. 1. Krakow, 1907, pp. 105–106, 164; Zdzitowiecki J. Ksiᾳẑe—Minister Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. 1778–1846 Warszawa, 1948, pp. 150–168, 177, 258–261; Mycielski M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830. Warszawa, 2010, pp. 231, 237.

  8. Obushenkova, L.A. Korolevstvo Polskoe v 1815–1830 gg.: Ekonomicheskoe i socialnoe razvitie. [Kingdom of Poland in 1815–1830. Economic and Social Development], Moscow, 1979, pp. 91–124.

  9. Szczepaṅski, J. Ksiᾳẑe Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. 1778–1846, Warszawa, 2008, pp. 171–235.

  10. Bazylow, L. Policy w Peterburgu. Wroclaw, 1984, pp. 90, 132–135.

  11. Arzhakova, L.M. 1) Rossiyskaya istoricheskaya polonistika i polskiy vopros v XIX veke; 2) Pol’skiy vopros i ego prelomlenie v rossiyskoy istoricheskoy polonistike XIX veka [1) Russian historical polonistics and the Polish question in the 19th century. St. Petersburg, 2010; 2) The Polish Question and Its Refraction in Russian Historical Polonistics of the 19th Century: Dr. (Hist) Thesis, Saint-Peteresburg, 2014. pp. 4, 9, 10, 13, 44, 45, 49, 126.

  12. Polyaki v Peterburge v pervoy polovine XIX veka [Poles in St. Petersburg in the First Half of the 19th century], Comp., intr. article and comm. A. I. Feduta. Moscow, 2010, p. 380.

  13. Zdzitowiecki J. Ksiᾳẑe. Minister Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, pp. 54–55; Smolka S. Polityka Lubeckiego przed powstaniem listopadowym. Vol. 1, p. 112.

  14. Szczepanski J. Ksiaźe Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, p. 106.

  15. Shilov, D.N. and Kuzmin, Yu.A. Chleny Gosudarstvennogo soveta Rossijskoy imperii. 1801–1906 [Members of the Council of State of the Russian Empire. 1801–1906]. Biobibliographic reference book. Saint-Peteresburg, 2007, pp. 689–690.

  16. Ibid, p. 405.

  17. Mycielski, M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830, p. 34.

  18. Ibid, pp. 40–41.

  19. Askenazi, Sh. Tsarstvo Polskoe: 1815–1830 [Kingdom of Poland: 1815–1830], Moscow, 1915, p. 28.

  20. Mironenko, S.V. Samoderzhavie i reformy. Politicheskaya borba v Rossii v nachale XIX v. [Autocracy and Reforms. Political Struggle in Russia in Early 19th Century], Moscow, 1989, p. 155.

  21. Konstitutsionnaya khartiya Tsarstva Polskogo // Konstitutsionnaya khartiya 1815 goda i nekotorye drugie akty byvshego Tsarstva Polskogo (1814–1881) [Constitutional Charter of the Kingdom of Poland] in Constitutional Charter of 1815 and some other acts of the former Kingdom of Poland (1814–1881)], Saint-Peteresburg, 1907, pp. 41–63.

  22. Szczepaṅski J. Ksiᾳẑe Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. p. 95.

  23. Delo o chlene Gosudarstvennogo soveta taynom sovetnike knyaze Drutskom-Lyubetskom. 1832–1846 gg. [The Case of a Member of the Council of State, Privy Councilor Prince Drutsky-Lubetsky. 1832–1846, RGIA (Russian State Historical Archive). Fund 1162 (State Office of the Council of State). List 6, File 186, pp. 46–73; Polski Slownik Biografigzny. Wroclaw–Warszawa–Krakow. 1972. Vol. XVII. pp. 582–592.

  24. Pravilova, E.A. Finansy imperii. Dengi i vlast v politike Rossii na natsionalnykh okrainakh [Empire Finances. Money and Power in Russian Politics in the National Outskirts. 1801–1917], Moscow, 2006, pp. 52–58.

  25. Lyubeznikov, O.A. Nikolaj Nikolaevich Novosiltsov – gosudarstvennyi deyatel imperatorskoy Rossii pervoy treti XIX veka [Nikolai Nikolaevich Novosiltsov—a Statesman of Imperial Russia in the First Third of the 19th Ccentury], Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Saint-Peteresburg, 2013, pp. 1–198.

  26. Mycielski, M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830, pp. 7, 14.

  27. Obushenkova, L.A. Korolevstvo Polskoe v 1815–1830 gg. [Kingdom of Poland in 1815–1830], pp. 96–98.

  28. In 1826, Lyubetsky even presented a project of the customs unification of the Kingdom of Poland and Russia, which was dampened by E. F. Kankrin who believed that this would lead to the decline of Russian industry and rise of smuggling at Polish customs (Marney, L.P. Osobennosti ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Korolevstva Polskogo i Rossijskoy imperii v pervoy treti XIX v. [Features of the Economic Development of the Kingdom of Poland and of Russian Empire in the First Third of the 19th century], in Poland and Russia in the First Third of the 19th century. From the History of the Autonomous Kingdom of Poland. 1815-1830. Ed. by S.M. Falkovich, Dr. Sc. (Hist.), Moscow, 2010, p. 224).

  29. Askenazi, Sh. Tsarstvo Polskoe: 1815–1830 gg. [Kingdom of Poland: 1815–1830], pp. 31–35; Szczepanski J. Ksiaźe Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. pp. 135–170; Marney, L.P. Features of the Economic Development of the Kingdom of Poland and of Russian Empire in the First Third of the 19th century, pp. 195–199, 221–224.

  30. Pravilova , E.A. Finansy imperii [Empire Finances], pp. 47–51.

  31. Ibid, pp. 241–246.

  32. Delo o sluzhbe v Gosudarstvennom sovete Stefana Fomicha Grabovskogo. 1832–1842 gg. [The Case of the Service in the Council of State of Stefan Fomich Grabovsky. 1832–1842], RGIA, Fund 1162, Inventory 6, File 147, pp. 13–18.

  33. Falkovich, S.M. Polskoe obshchestvennoe dvizhenie i politika tsarskoj administratsii Korolevstva Polskogo (1815–1830) // Polsha i Rossiya v pervoy treti XIX veka [Polish Social Movement and Policy of the Tsarist Administration of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830) in Poland and Russia in the First Third of the 19th Century, p. 389.

  34. Mycielski, M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830. pp. 268, 295.

  35. Delo o sluzhbe v Gosudarstvennom sovete Stanislava Andreevicha Zamoyskogo. 1832–1856 gg. [The Case of Stanislav Andreevich Zamoysky’s service in the Council of State. 1832–1856], RGIA. Fund 1162, Inventory 6, File 198, p. 24; Polski Slownik Biografigzny. Wroclaw–Warszawa–Krakow. 1960. Vol. VIII, pp. 512–514.

  36. [The Case of the Service of a Member of the Council of State, Adjutant General, Cavalry General Vikenty Ivanovich Krasinsky, RGIA. Fund 1162, List 6, File 259, pp. 21–30 v.]; Polski Slownik Biografigzny. Wroclaw; Warzawa; Krakow, 1970. Vol. XV, pp. 195–199.

  37. Mycielski, M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830. pp. 231, 240, 252, 264–265, 269, 281; Falkovich, S.M. Polish social movement and policy of the tsarist administration of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830). pp. 342–343.

  38. Lunin M.S. Letters from Siberia / Ed. I.A. Zhelvakova, N.I. Eidelman. Moscow, 1988. pp. 285, 474–475.

  39. Shilov D.N., Kuzmin Yu.A. Members of the Council of State of the Russian Empire. S. 690.

  40. Falkovich S.M. Polish social movement and policy of the tsarist administration of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830), pp. 376, 417, 426.

  41. Cit. ex. Vyskochkov, L.V. Nikolaj I i ego epokha [Nicholas I and His Era], p. 382.

  42. Ibid, p. 384

  43. Falkovich, S.M. Polskoe obshchestvennoe dvizhenie i politika tsarskoy administratsii Korolevstva Polskogo (1815–1830). [Polish Social Movement and Policy of the Tsarist Administration in the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830), pp. 417–419.

  44. Mycielski M. Rząd Krǒlestwa Polskiego wobec sejmikǒw i zgromadzeń gminnych 1815–1830, pp. 252–260.

  45. Polievktov, M.A. Nicholas I, p. 128.

  46. Kornilov, A.A. Russkaya politika v Polshe so vremen razdelov do nachala XX veka [Russian Policy in Poland from the Time of Partitions to the Beginning of the 20th century], p. 30.

  47. Arzhakova, L.M. Polskij vopros i ego prelomlenie v rossijskoy istoricheskoy polonistike XIX veka. [The Polish Question and Its Refraction in Russian Historical Polonistics of the 19th Century], p. 52.

  48. Zhukovskaya, T.N. Pravitelstvo i obshchestvo pri Aleksandre I. [Government and Society under Alexander I], Petrozavodsk, 2002, p. 90.

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  73. Korf, M.A. Diaries 1838 and 1839, pp. 330, 382–384, 390, 398; Korf, M.A. Imperator Nikolaj I v soveshchatelnykh sobraniyakh [Emperor Nicholas I at Advisory Meetings], IRIO Collection, Vol. 98, Saint-Peteresburg, 1896, pp. 128–207.

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  81. Ibid, pp. 113, 116, 117, 119.

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  86. Manifesto of February 14, 1832, “On the New Order of Administration and Formation of the Kingdom of Poland”, Articles 1–4; 15–41; Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, p. 282.

  87. Kornilov, A.A. Russkaya politika v Polshe so vremen razdelov do nachala XX veka [Russian Policy in Poland from the Time of Partitions to the Beginning of the 20th Century], p. 33.

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  93. Kodifikatsionnaya komissiya Tsarstva Polskogo (1833–1861) [Codification Commission of the Kingdom of Poland (1833–1861)], Fund 1254, 1810–1868, file 287, in Russian State Historical Archive, Guide, Vol. II, Saint-Peteresburg, 2013, p. 525.

  94. Cit. ex Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, p. 283; Inventory of files of the Archive of the Council of State, Vol. 16, p. 121.

  95. Inventory of files of the Archive of the Council of State, Vol. 16, p. 478.

  96. Ibid, p. 472; Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, p. 170.

  97. PSZ-II, Vol. XVII, Part 1, No. 15518.

  98. Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, pp. 168, 293.

  99. Inventory of files of the Archive of the Council of State, Vol. 16, pp. 472–475.

  100. Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, pp. 170, 282–283.

  101. Gorizontov, L.E. To serve or not to serve the empire? p. 199.

  102. Kornilov, A.A. Nicholas I, pp. 133, 134; Arzhakova, L.M. The Polish Question and Its Refraction in Russian Historical Polonistics of the 19th Century, p. 46.

  103. Portfolio of Count A.H. Benckendorff. Memoirs of the Chief of Gendarmes, p. 352; Vyskochkov, L.V. Nicholas I and His Era, p. 387.

  104. Ruzhitskaya, I.V. Council of State under Nicholas I, pp. 107, 291–292.

  105. Ob otsrochke prebyvaniya S.A. Zamoyskogo za granitsej. 1848 g. [On the Postponement of S.A. Zamoysky’s Stay Abroad. 1848, RGIA, Fund 1286 (Department of Police Executive), List eleven, File 325, pp. 1–5.

  106. Shilov, D.N. and Kuzmin, Yu.A. Members of the Council of State of the Russian Empire, pp. 236, 301, 327, 406, 690, 809.

  107. Shilov, D.N. and Kuzmin, Yu.A. Members of the Council of State of the Russian Empire, pp. 236, 301, 327, 406, 690, 809.

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This text is a revised version of an article previously published in Russian: Bulletin of St. Petersburg University, vol. 65, issue 3: History, 2020, pp. 721–749.

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Andreeva, T.V. Poles, Members of the Council of State, and the Polish Question in the Imperial Policy of Russia in the Early 1830s. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 92 (Suppl 12), S1110–S1126 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331622180022

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