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Development of Schooling Behavior in Fish Ontogeny

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Abstract

In most fish species, the transition to a schooling lifestyle occurs soon after the start of exogenous feeding. The age at which juveniles begin to show schooling behavior differs in different species and is not related to the level of schooling in adults, i.e., their belonging to obligate or facultative schooling fish. In marine fish passing through the metamorphosis phase, schooling develops, as a rule, after the completion of this process. Among freshwater fish, juveniles living in rivers begin to show schooling behavior earlier than juveniles in stagnant waters. By the time a school is formed, the level of development of sensory systems and locomotion in juveniles is sufficient for intra-school contacts and schooling swimming. As juveniles grow, the coordination of schooling reactions and the ability to maintain the unity of a school during maneuvering increase. Compared to adult fish, schools of juveniles are less uniform in size and species composition.

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Notes

  1. Hereinafter: the stages of development given by letter designations are given according to: Vasnetsov et al., 1957.

  2. The numbering of stages is given according to: Konstantinov, 1957.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their sincere gratitude to A.A. Kazhlaev, A.S. Patseva, and L.S. Alekseeva (Moscow State University), who provided great assistance in preparing the article for publication. The authors are sincerely grateful to P.I. Kirillov (Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences) for careful and constructive editing of the text and illustrations, which improved the quality of the article.

Funding

The article was prepared within the framework of scientific projects of the state assignment of the Moscow State University No. 121032300100-5 and the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences No. 121122300056-3 in the Unified State Information System for Accounting the Results of Civil Research, Development and Technological Works.

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  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    A. O. Kasumyan

  2. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science (IPEE RAS), Moscow, Russia

    D. S. Pavlov

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Kasumyan, A.O., Pavlov, D.S. Development of Schooling Behavior in Fish Ontogeny. J. Ichthyol. 63, 1348–1361 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945223070111

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