Abstract
The influence of a number of physical factors on the structural and hysteresis properties of multilayer films (Cr–Mn)/FeNi was studied. According to indirect signs, the presence of antiferromagnetism in Cr–Mn layers with a Mn content of 20–40 at % has been established. It is shown that the exchange-bias effect in such structures can be observed only when the thickness of the antiferromagnetic layer exceeds 40 nm. The initial reason for the low “fixing” properties of the Cr–Mn layer is its weak magnetic anisotropy, which is superimposed by instability in the microstructure reproduction. The use of substrate heating during deposition of films increased the reproducibility of the microstructure parameters and the hysteresis characteristics, but led to weakening of the exchange-bias effect apparently due to changes in the structure and composition of the interlayer interface.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0031918X23601518/MediaObjects/11508_2023_4005_Fig6_HTML.png)
REFERENCES
E. V. Gomonay and V. M. Loktev, “Spintronics of antiferromagnetic systems (review article),” Low Temp. Phys. 40, 17–35 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4862467
R. Morales, A. N. Flores, N. M. Vargas, J. Giuliani, I. K. Schuller, and C. Monton, “Ultradense arrays of sub-100 nm Co/CoO nanodisks for spintronics applications,” ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 4037–4044 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00052
D. Xiong, Yu. Jiang, K. Shi, A. Du, Yu. Yao, Z. Guo, D. Zhu, K. Cao, S. Peng, W. Cai, D. Zhu, and W. Zhao, “Antiferromagnetic spintronics: An overview and outlook,” Fundam. Res. 2, 522–534 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2022.03.016
F. Radu and H. Zabel, “Exchange bias effect of ferro-/ antiferromagnetic heterostructures,” in Magnetic Heterostructures, Ed. by H. Zabel and S. D. Bader, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 227 (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 97–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73462-8_3
J. Nogués and I. K. Schuller, “Exchange bias,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192, 203–232 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00266-2
K. O’Grady, J. Sinclair, K. Elphick, R. Carpenter, G. Vallejo-Fernandez, M. I. J. Probert, and A. Hirohata, “Anisotropy in antiferromagnets,” J. Appl. Phys. 128, 40901 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0006077
K. O’Grady, L. E. Fernandez-Outon, and G. Vallejo-Fernandez, “A new paradigm for exchange bias in polycrystalline thin films,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322, 883–899 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.12.011
S. Maki and K. Adachi, “Antiferromagnetism and weak ferromagnetism of disordered bcc Cr–Mn alloys,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 46, 1131–1137 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.46.1131
M. Venkatraman and J. P. Neumann, “The Cr−Mn (chromium-manganese) system,” Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7, 457–462 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02867810
W. Feng, J. Choi, D. D. Dung, S. Cho, and X. Hao, “Structural and magnetic phase diagrams of epitaxial Cr–Mn alloy thin films,” J. Appl. Phys. 108, 73915 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3490237
S. Soeya, H. Hoshiya, M. Fuyama, and S. Tadokoro, “Exchange coupling between ferromagnetic fcc Ni81Fe19 and antiferromagnetic bcc CrMnPt films,” J. Appl. Phys. 80, 1006–1011 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362832
H. Xi and R. M. White, “Exchange coupling of NiFe/CrMnPtx bilayers prepared by a substrate bias sputtering method,” J. Appl. Phys. 87, 410–415 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.371876
S. Soeya, H. Hoshiya, R. Arai, and M. Fuyama, “Effect of metallic additives (M) on the exchange coupling of antiferromagnetic CrMnMx films to a ferromagnetic Ni81Fe19 film,” J. Appl. Phys. 81, 6488–6490 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.364436
V. O. Vas’kovskii, A. A. Feshchenko, M. E. Moskalev, V. N. Lepalovskii, E. A. Kravtsov, and A. N. Gor’kovenko, “Effect of buffer coatings on the structural state and magnetic properties of (Cr–Mn)/Fe films,” Tech. Phys., No. 5, 635–641 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21883/TP.2023.05.56070.24-23
A. A. Feshchenko, M. E. Moskalev, A. N. Gorkovenko, V. N. Lepalovskij, E. A. Stepanova, E. A. Kravtsov, and V. O. Vas’kovskiy, “Features of the manifestation of antiferromagnetism of the Cr–Mn alloy in the film composites of the (Cr–Mn)/Fe type,” Phys. Solid State 65, 920 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21883/pss.2023.06.56102.09h
F. Radu and H. Zabel, “Exchange bias effect of ferro-/antiferromagneticheterostructures,” Magnetic Heterostructures (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 97–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73462-8_3
V. O. Vas’kovskiy, E. V. Kudyukov, A. V. Svalov, K. G. Balymov, and V. E. Maltseva, “Magnetic structure and macroscopic magnetic properties of Gd100 ‒ xCox films: Changing x from 0 to 100,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 565, 170254 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.170254
M. Tsunoda, H. Takahashi, and M. Takahashi, “Systematic study for magnetization dependence of exchange anisotropy strength in Mn–Ir/FM (FM = Ni–Co, Co–Fe, Fe–Ni) bilayer system,” IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 3877–3880 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2024323
J. Juraszek, J. Fassbender, S. Poppe, T. Mewes, B. Hillebrands, D. Engel, A. Kronenberger, A. Ehresmann, and H. Schmoranzer, “Tuning exchange bias and coercive fields in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers with ion irradiation,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 6896–6898 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1447187
D. M. Smilgies, “Scherrer grain-size analysis adapted to grazing-incidence scattering with area detectors,” J. Appl. Crystallogr. 42, 1030–1034 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809040126
V. O. Vas’kovskii, G. S. Kandaurova, V. N. Lepalovskii, A. N. Sorokin, E. I. Teitel, and N. N. Shchegoleva, “Peculiarities of electrical, magnetoelectrical properties and microstructure of permalloy films,” Metallofizika 13 (6), 107–115 (1991).
Funding
This study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 22-22-00814 https:// rscf.ru/project/22-22-00814/. Federal State Autonomous Institution for Higher Education El’tsin Ural Federal University, Sverdlovsk oblast).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feshchenko, A.A., Moskalev, M.E., Severova, S.V. et al. Influence of Structural and Compositional Factors on the Realization of the Exchange-Bias Effect in (Cr–Mn)/Fe20Ni80 Films. Phys. Metals Metallogr. 124, 894–900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X23601518
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X23601518