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Cell defense systems against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress: Mechanisms of regulation and the effect of hepatitis C virus

  • Molecular and Applied Aspects of Virology
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Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most widespread and dangerous human pathogens. In most cases, hepatitis C develops into chronic conditions, which often escape antiviral therapy and cause damage to various organs and systems. The conditions include liver fibrosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. These diseases are currently linked to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which are induced by virus proteins. At the same time, HCV disturbs the systems that protect cells from these stresses, thus avoiding their effect on the virus life cycle. The review analyzes recent data on the function of the cell defense system in HCV-infected and uninfected cells. In addition, the structure of the HCV genome and the main functions of virus proteins are summarized in brief.

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Abbreviations

ARE:

antioxidant response element

ATF:

activating transcription factor

bZIP:

basic region and leucine zipper

ERAD:

ER-associated protein degradation

IRE1:

inositol-requiring enzyme 1

Keap1:

Kelch-associating protein 1

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

Nf-κB:

nuclear factor κB

ORF:

open reading frame

PERK-PKR:

like endoplasmic reticulum-associated kinase

PI3K-phos:

phatidyl inositol 3-kinase

PKC:

protein kinase C

PKR:

protein kinase R

STAT-3:

signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

UPR:

unfolded potein response

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

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  1. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    O. A. Smirnova, A. V. Ivanov, O. N. Ivanova, V. T. Valuev-Elliston & S. N. Kochetkov

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Original Russian Text © O.A. Smirnova, A.V. Ivanov, O.N. Ivanova, V.T. Valuev-Elliston, S.N. Kochetkov, 2011, published in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2011, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 127–141.

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Smirnova, O.A., Ivanov, A.V., Ivanova, O.N. et al. Cell defense systems against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress: Mechanisms of regulation and the effect of hepatitis C virus. Mol Biol 45, 110–122 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893311010122

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