Abstract
Based on the literature and own data, consecutive stages of development of the central nervous system (CNS) in the lower Bilateria are considered-separation of brain from parenchyma, formation of its own envelopes, and development of the trunk and orthogonal nervous system. Results of histochemical (cholinergic and catecholaminergic) and immunocytochemical (5-HT-and FMRF-amid immunoreactive) studies of the CNS in representatives of Acoela, free living and parasitizing Platyhelminthes and Rotifera are considered. The comparative analysis makes it possible to describe development and complication of the initially primitive Bilateria pleux nervous system. A special attention will be paid to the Acoela phylogenesis, based on molecular-biology data and results of study of their nervous system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ruiz-Trillo, I., Riutort, M., Littlewood, T.J., Hernion, E.A., and Baguna, J., Acoel Flatworms: Earliest Extant Bilaterian Metazoans, Not Members of Platyhelminthes, Science, 1999, vol. 283, pp. 1919–1923.
Ruiz-Trillo, I., Paps, J., Loukota, M., Ribera, C., Jondelius, U., Baguna, J., and Riutort, M., A Phylogenetic Analysis of Myosin Heavy Chain Type II Sequences Corroborates That Acoela and Nemertodermatida Are Basal Bilaterians, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, vol. 99, pp. 11 246–11 251.
Jondelius, U., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Baguna, J., and Riutort, M., Nemertodermatida Are Basal Bilaterians and Not Members of the Platyhelminthes, Zool. Scr., 2002, vol. 31, pp. 201–215.
Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Turbeville, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A., and Lake, J.A., Evidence for a Clade of Nematodes, Arthropods and Other Moulding Animals, Nature, 1997, vol. 387, pp. 489–493.
Welch, D.B.M., Early Contributions of Molecular Phylogenetics to Understanding the Evolution of Rotifera, Hydrobiology, 2001, vol. 446/447, pp. 315–332.
Ehlers, U., Das Phylogenetische System des Platehelminthes, Stuttgard, 1985.
Beklemishev, V.N., Osnovy sravnitel’noi anatomii bespozvonochnykh (Grounds of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates), vol. 2, Moscow, 1964.
Kotikova, E.A., Orthogon of Platyhelminthes and the Main Pathways of Its Evolution, Morfologicheskie osnovy filogenetiki ploskikh chervei (Morphologic Grounds of Phylogeny of Platyhelminthes), Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, St. Petersburg, 1991, vol. 241, pp. 88–111.
Raikova, O.I., Reuter, M., Kotikova, E.A., and Gustafsson, M.K.S., A Commissural Brain! The Pattern of 5-HT Immunoreactivity in Acoela (Platyhelminthes), Zoomorphol., 1998, vol. 118, pp. 69–77.
Reuter, M., Raikova, O.I., and Gustafsson, M.K.S., Patterns in the Nervous and Muscle Systems in Lower Flatworms, Belg. J. Zool., 2001, vol. 31, suppl. 1, pp. 47–53.
Reuter, M., Raikova, O.I., Jondelius, U., Gustafsson, M.K.S., Halton, D.W., Maule, A.G., and Shaw, C., The Organization of the Nervous System in Acoela. An Immunocytochemical Study, Tissue Cell, 2001, vol. 33, pp. 119–128.
Dorjes, J., Die Acoela (Turbellaria) der Deutschen Nordseeküste und Ein Neues System der Ordnung, Zeitsch. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch., 1968, vol. 6, pp. 56–62.
Raikova, O.I., Ultrastructure of the Nervous System and Sense Organs in Acoela Turbellaria, Morfologiya resnychnykh chervei (Morphology of Turbellaria), Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1989, vol. 195, pp. 36–46.
Mamkaev, Yu.V. and Kotikova, E.A., On the Morphological Features of the Nervous Apparatus of Acoela, Zool. Zh., 1972, vol. 51, pp. 477–489.
Ivanov, A.V. and Mamkaev, Yu.V., Resnichnye chervi (Turbellaria), ikh proiskhozhdenie i evolyutsiya. Filogeneticheskie ocherki (Turbellaria, Their Origin and Evolution. Phylogenetic Essays), Leningrad, 1973.
Tyler, S., Schilling, S., Hooge, M., and Bush, L.F., (comp.), Turbellarian Taxonomic Database, 2006, Version 1.5, htto://turbellaria.umaine.edu.
Raikova, O.I., Reuter, M., and Justine, J.-L., Contributions to the Phylogeny and Systematics of the Acoelomorpha, Interrelationships of Platyhelminthes, Littlewood, T.J. and Bray, R.A., Eds., London, Taylor and Francis, 2001, pp. 12–23.
Hooge, M.D., Haye, P.A., Tyler, S., Litvaitis, M.K., and Kornfield, I., Molecular Systematics of the Acoela (Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes) and Its Concordance with Morphology, Mol. Phylog. Evol., 2002, vol. 24, pp. 333–342.
Westblad, E., Studien Über Skandinavische Turbellaria Acoela. III, Arkh. Zool., 1945, vol. 36A, pp. 1–56.
Marcus, E., Turbellaria Brasileiros, Papeis Aruhos Dep. Zool. Secr. Agric. Sao Paulo, 1954, vol. 11, no. 24, pp. 419–489.
Raikova, O.I., Reuter, M., Gustafsson, M.K.S., Maule, A.G., and Halton, D.W., Evolution of the Nervous System in Paraphanostoma (Acoela), Zool. Scripta, 2004, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 71–88.
Kotikova, E.A., Comparative Characterization of the Nervous System of the Turbellaria, Hydrobiologia, 1986, vol. 132, pp. 89–92.
Baguna, J. and Ballester, R., The Nervous System in Planarians: Peripheral and Gastrodermal Plexuses, Pharynx Innervation, and the Relationship between Central Nervous System Structure and the Acoelomate Organization, J. Morphol., 1978, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 237–252.
Karling, T.G., Morphologie und Allocoela Cumulata und Rhabdocoela Lecithophora (Turbellaria), Acta Zool. Fenn., 1940, vol. 26, pp. 1–260.
Riedl, R., Turbellarien aus Submarinen Hohlen. 2. Prolecithphora, Publ. Staz. Zool. Napoli, 1959, vol. 30, pp. 209–304.
Reisinger, E., Xenoprorhynchus—Ein Modellfall für Progressiven Funktionswechsel, Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch., 1968, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–55.
Ax, P., Monographie der Otoplanidae (Turbellaria) Morphologie und Systematik, Akad. Wiss. Liter., 1955, vol. 13, pp. 1–298.
Kotikova, E.A., Some Peculiarities of Nervous Apparatus of Proseriata (Turbellaria), Zool. Zh., 1976, vol. 55, pp. 508–514.
Koopowitz, H. and Chien, P.K., Ultrastructure of the Nerve Plexus in Flatworms. 1. Peripheral Organization, Cell Tiss. Res., 1974, vol. 155, vol. 337–351.
Reuter, M., Wikgren, M., and Palmberg, J., The Nervous System of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida), Cell Tiss.. Res., 1980, vol. 211, pp. 31–40.
Reuter, M., The Nervous System of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida), Cell Tiss.. Res., 1981, vol. 218, pp. 375–387.
Koopowitz, H., On the Evolution of Central Nervous System: Implication from Polyclad Turbellaria Neurobiology, Hydrobiol., 1986, vol. 132, pp. 79–87.
Kotikova, E.A., Catecholaminergic Neurons in the Nervous System of Neorhabdocoela (Turbellaria), Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol., 2001, vol. 37, pp. 323–328.
Joffe, B.I. and Kotikova, E.A., Distribution of Catecholamines (with a Discussion of Neuronal Homologues in the Platyhelminthes), Simpler Nervous Systems. Studies in Neuroscience 13, Sakharov, D.A. and Winlow, W., Eds., Manchester, Manchester Univ., 1991, pp. 77–112.
Kotikova, E.A., Reuter, M., Raikova, O.I., and Gustafsson, M.K.S., Neuro-Muscular System in Neorhabdocoela. Localisation of Monoamines, FMRFamide and F-Actin, Abstr. IX Int. Symp. on the Biology of the Turbellaria, Barselona, 2000, p. 63.
Kotikova, E.A., Raikova, O.I., Reuter, M., and Gustafsson, M.K.S., The Nervous and Muscular Systems in Free-Living Flatworm Castrella truncata (Rhabdocoela): An Immunocytochemical and Phalloidin Fluorescence Study, Tiss. Cell, 2002, vol. 34, pp. 365–374.
Kotikova, E.A. and Timoshkin, O.N., Peculiarities of Structure of the Nervous System of Lecithoepitheliata and Prolecithophora of Baikal (Turbellaria), Morfologiya turbellarii, pogonofor i astsidii (Morphology of Turbellaria, Pogonophores, and Ascidia), Mamkaev, Yu.V., Ed., Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1987, vol. 167, pp. 97–110.
Kotikova, E.A. and Joffe, B.I., On the Nervous System of the Daliellioid Turbellarians, Fortschr. Zool., 1988, vol. 36, pp. 191–194.
Mamkaev, Yu.V., Comparison of Morphological Differences in Lower and Higher Groups of a Phylogenetic Branch, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1968, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 48–56.
Timofeeva, T.A. and Kotikova, E.A., Nervous System of the Lower Monogenea of Tetraonchidea and Dactylogyroidea Orders, Parazitologiya, 1993, vol. 27, pp. 118–125.
Joffe, B.I. and Kotikova, E.A., Nervous System of the Acanthocotyle verrilli (Monogenea, Acanthocotylidae), Issledovaniya monogenei (Studies of Monogenea), Bauer, O.N. and Pugachev, O.N., Eds., Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1988, vol. 177, pp. 107–116.
Kotikova, E.A., Peculiarities of Structure of the Nervous System of Diplozoonides (Monogenea, Diplozoonidae), Issledovaniya po morphologii i faunistike paraziticheskikh chervei (Studies on Morphology and Faunistics of Parasitic Worms), Bauer, O.N., Ed., Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1983, pp. 12–17.
Reuter, M., Immunocytochemical Demonstration of Serotonin and Neuropeptides in the Nervous System of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea), Acta Zool., 1987, vol. 68, pp. 187–193.
Brennan, G.P., Halton, D.W., Maule, A.G., Shaw, C., Johnston, C.F., Moore, S., and Fairweather, I., Immunoelectron Microscopic Studies of Regulatory Peptides in the Nervous System of the Monogenean Parasite Diclidophora merlangi, Parasitol., 1993, vol. 106, pp. 171–176.
Kotikova, E.A. and Kuperman, B.I., Development of Nervous Apparatus of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidae) in Ontogenesis, Parazitologiya, 1977, vol. 11, pp. 252–259.
Kotikova, E.A., and Kuperman, B.I., Anatomy of Nervous Apparatus of Tapeworms and Diphyllobothriidea Families (Pseudophyllidea), Parazitologiya, 1978, vol. 12, pp. 210–217.
Gustafsson, M.K.S. and Reuter, M., The Map of Neuronal Signal Substances in Flatworms, Nervous System. Principles of Design and Function, Naresh Singh, Ed., Wiley Eastern, 1992, pp. 165–188.
Halton, D.W. and Maule, A.G., Flatworm Nerve-Muscle: Structural and Functional Analysis, Can. J. Zool., 2004, vol. 82, pp. 316–333.
Kotikova, E.A., Peculiarities of Evolution of Nervous Apparatus of Tapeworms, Evolyutsionnaya morfologiya bespozvonochnykh (Evolutionary Morphology of Invertebrates), Mamkaev, Yu.V., Ed., Tr. Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1979, vol. 84, pp. 34–48.
Oshmarin, P.G., K izucheniyu spetsificheskoi ekologii gel’mintov (On the Studies of Specific Ecology of Helminthes), Vladivostok, 1959.
Kotikova, E.A., Cholinesterase of Trematodes and Specificity of Structure of Their Nervous System, Parazitologiya, 1969, vol. 3, pp. 532–537.
Kotikova, E.A., Joffe, B.I., and Reznik, G.K., On the Structure of the Nervous System of Marita Trematodes (in Relation to the Problem of Changes of the Nervous System of Flatworms as They Pass to Parasitism, Prostye nervnye sistemy (Simple Nervous Systems), Part 1, All-Union Conf., Kazan, 1985, pp. 105–107.
Joffe, B.I., Kotikova, E.A., and Reznik, G.K., Structure of the Nervous System of a Marita Opisthorchis felineus, Tr. VIGIS, 1988, vol. 29, pp. 60–69.
Kotikova, E.A., Joffe, B.I., and Reznik, G.K., On the Nervous System of Marites Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium lanceatum, Paraziticheskie i svobodnozhivushchie chervi: faunistika i morfologiya (Parasitic and Free-Living Worms: Faunistics and Morphology), Mamkaev, Yu.V. and Joffe, B.I., Eds., Zool. Inst. AN SSSR, Leningrad, 1990, vol. 221, pp. 39–50.
Martini, E., Studien über die Konstanz Histologischer Elemente. III. Hydatina senta, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., 1912, vol. 102, pp. 425–645.
Ware, R.W. and Lopresti, V., Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from Serial Sections, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1975, vol. 40, pp. 325–440.
Kotikova, E.A., Localization and Neuroanatomy of Catecholaminergic Neurons in Some Rotifera Species, Hydrobiologia, 1995, vol. 313/314, pp. 123–127.
Kotikova, E.A., Distribution of Catecholaminergic Elements in the Nervous System of Wheel Animalcules (Rotifera), Zool. Zh., 1997, vol. 76, pp. 1277–1282.
Kotikova, E.A., Localization of Catecholamines in the Nervous System of Rotifera of the Transversiramida Order, Dokl. RAN, 1997, vol. 353, pp. 841–843.
Catecholaminergic Neurons in the Brain of Rotifers, Hydrobiologia, 1998, vol. 387/388, pp. 135–140.
Kotikova, E.A., Raikova, O.I., Reuter, M., and Gustafsson, M.K.S., Rotifer Nervous System Visualized by FMRFamide and 5-HT Immunocytochemistry and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Hydrobiologia, 2005, vol. 546, pp. 239–248.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © Kotikova, Raikova, 2008, published in Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 83–93.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kotikova, E.A., Raikova, O.I. Architectonics of the central nervous system of Acoela, Platyhelminthes, and Rotifera. J Evol Biochem Phys 44, 95–108 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1134/S002209300801012X
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S002209300801012X