Abstract
Fringe field capacitive sensors with interdigitated electrodes allow non-invasive measurements. The design of the fringing electric field and analytical characteristics of four different geometrical shaped capacitive sensors for water level measurement have been covered in this work. The work aims to explore the effect of the geometrical shape of IDC sensors, compare the performance of all the designed sensors, characterize their frequency behaviour and establish the best suitable sensor for water level measurement. All statistical calculations were undertaken for the goodness of fit for the proposed sensor’s model. The experiments were performed in the laboratory by immersing the sensor inside the container containing still tap water. The result obtained was promising since the measurement of all the proposed sensors fitted the experimental data for a measured frequency range with a satisfactory determination of the coefficient of the R-square value. Archimedean spiral sensor performance is found to be best at all statistical criteria (R-square > 0.99, percent NRMSE < 1.56, standard deviation, and uniformity) for the level measurement. The experimental report shows that the sensitivity of the spiral sensor is 0.0533 to 0.055 nF/cm.
REFERENCES
Kazkaz, G., Francke, R.C., and Beiermann, B.S., US Patent 6634229, 2003.
Vogt, M., Proc. 2018 IEEE MTT-S Int. Conference on Microwaves for Intelligent Mobility (ICMIM), Munich, April 15, 2018, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMIM.2018.8443505.
Park, K.W. and Kim, H.C., Proc. TENCON 2015— 2015 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Macao, November 1, 2015, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2015.7372925.
Ameen, O.F., Younus, M.H., Aziz, M.S., Azmi, A.I., Ibrahim, R.R., and Ghoshal, S.K., Sens. Actuators, A, 2016, vol. 252, p. 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.10.018
Molina-Reyes, J., IEEE Sens. J., 2017, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 231. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2754958
Kumar, B., Rajita, G., and Mandal, N., Meas. Control, 2014, vol. 47, no. 7, p. 219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294014546943
Bera, S.C., Mandal, H., Saha, S., and Dutta, A., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 2013, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 641. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2013.2282194
Paul, J. and Philip, J., AIP Conf. Proc., 2020, vol. 2263, no. 1, p. 040004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0017009
Alley, G.D., IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 1970, vol. 18, no. 12, p. 1028.
Kim, J.W., Development of Interdigitated Capacitor Sensors for Direct and Wireless Measurements of the Dielectric Properties of Liquids, Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin, 2008.
Li, X.B., Larson, S.D., Zyuzin, A.S., and Mamishev, A.V., Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE Int. Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Indianapolis, IN, September 19, 2004, p. 406. https://doi.org/10.1109/ELINSL.2004.1380616.
Noltingk, B.E., J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 1969, vol. 2, p. 356.
Wang, H.C., Zyuzin, A., and Mamishev, A.V., IEEE Sens. J., 2013, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 68. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2279991
Gao, X., Zhao, Y., and Ma, H., Sensors, 2018, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093034
Baxter, L.K., Capacitive Sensors, Wiley, 1997.
Ali, S.F. and Mandal, N., IEEE Sens. J., 2019, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 5179. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2903296
Manut, A., Zoolfakar, A.S., Muhammad, N.A., and Zolkapli, M., Proc. 2011 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nano Electronics, Kota Kinabalu, September 28, 2011, p. 359. https://doi.org/10.1109/RSM.2011.6088360.
Majid, H.A., Razali, N., Sulaiman, M.S., and A’ain, A.K., World Acad. Sci., Eng. Technol., 2009, vol. 55, p. 636. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1075258
Goswami, M.P., Montazer, B., and Sarma, U., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 2018, vol. 68, no. 3, p. 913. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2018.2855538
McIntosh, R.B. and Casada, M.E., IEEE Sens. J., 2008, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 240. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2007.913140
Fukushima, Y., Fukuma, M., Hirose, M., Sugiyama, K.I., Kawami, M., Yoshino, K., Kishida, S., and Lee, S.S., Proc. 2018 IEEE Sensors, New Delhi, October 28, 2018, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2018.8589737
Sundara-Rajan, K., Byrd, L., and Mamishev, A.V., IEEE Sens. J., 2004, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 378. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2004.824230
Chetpattananondh, P., Thongpull, K., and Chetpattananondh, K., Comput. Electron. Agric., 2017, vol. 142, p. 545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.11.016
Bord, I., Tardy, P., and Menil, F., Sens. Actuators, B, 2006, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.06.049
Chen, Z. and Luo, R.C., IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 1998, vol. 45, no. 6, p. 886. https://doi.org/10.1109/41.735332
Sample, A.P., Yeager, D.J., and Smith, J.R., Proc. 2009 IEEE Int. Conference on RFID, Orlando, FL, April 27, 2009, p. 103. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2009.4911212.
Dewarrat, F., Falco, L., Caduff, A., Talary, M.S., Feldman, Y., and Puzenko, A., IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2008, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 1406. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2008.4656250
Steele, J.J., Fitzpatrick, G.A., and Brett, M.J., IEEE Sens. J., 2007, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 955. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2007.897363
Lazarus, N., Bedair, S.S., Lo, C.C., and Fedder, G.K., J. Microelectromech. Syst., 2009, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 183. https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2036584
Isono, Y. and Aoyagi, S., Proc. TRANSDUCERS 2007-2007 Int. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, Lyon, June 10, 2007, p. 1219. https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300356.
Hayt, W.H., Jr., Engineering Electromagnetics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
Santhosh, K.V., Joy, B., and Rao, S., J. Sens., 2020, vol. 2020, p. 4259509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4259509
Rao, G.S. and Narayana, K.V., Int. J. Electr. Eng. Inf., 2021, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 418. https://doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2021.13.2.10
Mizuguchi, J., Piai, J.C., de França, J.A., de Morais França, M.B., Yamashita, K., and Mathias, L.C., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 2014, vol. 64, no. 1, p. 212. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2014.2335911
Chakraborty, M., Kalita, A., and Biswas, K., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 2018, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 189. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2018.2838758
Ye, Y., Deng, J, Shen, S., Hou, Z., and Liu, Y., Sensors, 2016, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050699
Ren, Z. and Yang, W., IEEE Sens. J., 2015, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 3037. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2383491
Islam, T. and Maurya, O.P., Proc. 2019 IEEE 16th India Council Int. Conference (INDICON), Rajkot, December 13, 2019, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDICON47234.2019.9029048.
Gong, C.S., Chiu, H.K., Huang, L.R., Lin, C.H., Hsu, Z.D., and Tu, P.H., IEEE Sens. J., 2016, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 2896. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2524696
Jin, B., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, H., Sens. Actuators, A, 2015, vol. 223, p. 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.12.027
Li, Y.T., Chao, C.M., and Wang, K., Proc. 2011 6th IEEE Int. Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, Kaohsiung, February 20, 2011, p. 847. https://doi.org/10.1109/NEMS.2011.6017486
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ranjan, P., Chowdhury, A. Comparative Study of IDC Sensor’s Geometrical Effect, Performance, and Frequency Behaviour with Water Level Detection. Instrum Exp Tech 66, 315–323 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441223020215
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441223020215