Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parasites of grass flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) from the order hymenoptera in the Holarctic region

  • Published:
Entomological Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hymenopterous parasitoids of grass flies of the family Chloropidae from the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions are reviewed. These parasitoids belong to four superfamilies and 16 families of Hymenoptera and were reared from 39 species of Chloropidae in the Palaearctic (less than 6% of the fauna) and only from 10 species in the Nearctic Region. The majority of parasitoids are oligo-or polyphagous species. To a certain degree, the parasitoids are specialized on one of the three host groups: (1) species developing in shoots of cereal and meadow grasses; (2) forest species developing in cones of coniferous trees; and (3) species associated with the common reed, Phragmites australis. In the Palaearctic Region, the majority of parasitoids (91 species) were reared from Oscinella frit L. s. 1.; a significantly smaller number of these parasites is known from this host in the Nearctic Region, nearly half of the parasitoids being common for both regions. The next large group of parasitoids is associated with gall-inducing species of the genus Lipara Meigen (59 species) developing in the common reed. By contrast with two other groups of parasitoids, this one includes many species of the family Ichneumonidae. It should be noted that taxonomic diversity at the third trophic level is markedly greater than at the second level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abraham, R. “Rakosina deplanata (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) in der in der Haseldorfer Marsch bei Hamburg,” Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Muz. Hamburg 7(112), 397–398 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abraham, R. and Carstensen, B. “Die Schilfgallen von Lipara-Arten (Diptera: Chloropidae) und ihre Bewohner im Schilf der Haseldorfer Marsch bei Hamburg,” Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Muz Hamburg 7(116), 269–277 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Achterberg, C. van, “Revision of the Subfamily Blacinae Foester (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),” Zool. Verh. Leiden 249, 1–324 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Achterberg, C. van, “Plaenocarpa helophilae spec. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a Gregarious Parasitoid of Helophilus Larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae), with Notes on Related Species,” Zool. Med. Leiden 72, 15–27 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Aerts, W., “Die Schlupwespen (Ichneumoniden) Fauna des Rheinlandes,” Dichiana (Bonn) 109, 137–212 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Agafonova, Z.Ya., “New Brome Pests, Grass Flies of the Genus Dicraeus (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Entomol. Obozr. 41(3), 492–504 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Aleksandrov, Yu.P., “On Parasites of Cereal Pests in Altai,” in Ways of Chemicalixation and Intensification of Agriculture in Novosibirsk Province (Novosibirsk, 1968), pp. 201–202 [in Russian].

  8. Aldrich, J.M., “European Frit-Fly in North America,” J. Agr. Res. Wash. 18(9), 450–473 (1920).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Allen, M.W. and Painter, R.H., “Observation on the Biology of the Wheat-Stem Maggot in Kansas,” J. Agr. Res. 55(3), 215–238 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Allen, W.A. and Pienkowski, R.L., Parasites Reared from Puparia of the Frit Fly Oscinella frit in Virginia,” Env. Entomol. 2(4), 615–617 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Anonymous, “Liste d’identification N 5,” Entomophaga 8(4), 335–373 (1963).

  12. Askew, R.R., Parasitic Insects (Heinemann, London, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Askew, R.R. and Show, M.R., “Racosina deplanata Bouček (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), a Species New to Britain With Host Records and Description of the Male,” Entomol. Gazette 30, 289–290 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Athen, O. and Tscharntke, T., “Insect Communities of Phragmites Habitats Used for Savage Purification; Effect of Age and Area of Habitats on Species Richness and Herbivore-Parasitoid Interaction,” Limnologica 29(1), 71–74 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Balachowsky, A. and Mesnil, L., Les insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivées (Busson, Paris, 1935), Vol. 1 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bährmann, R., “Ökofaunistische Untersuchungen an Halmfliegen (Chloropidae, Diptera) in Rasenbiotopen des Leutratales bei Jena (Thüringen),” Zool. Jarb. Syst. Ökol. Geogr. Thiere 107, 235–264 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Baranov, A.D., Materials on the Study of Dangerous Insects of Moscow Province in 1912 (Moscow, 1912) [in Russian].

  18. Bhattacharyya, A., Diploma Thesis (Imperial College, London University, 1957) (cit. after Jones, 1965).

  19. Blair, K.G., “Some Notes on the Galls of Lipara lucens Mg.,” Entomol. Month. Mag. 68, 10–13 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Blair, K.G., “Further Notes on the Galls of Lipara lucens Mg.,” Entomol. Month. Mag. 80, 6–7 (1944a).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Blair, K.G., “Some Galls of Lipara lucens Mg. (Diptera, Chloropidae) from Norfolk,” Entomol. Month. Mag. 80, 189–190 (1944b).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bouček, Z., “A Taxonomic Study of Spalangia Latr. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea),” Act. Entomol. Mus. Nat. Pragae 35, 429–512 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chernoponevkina, S.M., “Trichogramma in the Frit Fly Control,” Sveklovichnoe Polevodstvo, No. 6, 58–62 (1939).

  24. Chukanova, L.N., “Parasite of the Frit Fly,” Zashchita Rastenii, No. 4, 55 (1968).

  25. Chukanova, L.N., “Entomophags of the Frit Fly,” Zashchita Rastenii, No. 4, 55 (1968).

  26. Chukanova, L.N., “The Role of Local Entomophagous Species in the Decrease of Abundance of the Frit Fly in Western Siberia,” Zool. Zh. 50(1), 51–55 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chukanova, L.N., “Dipterans, Cereal Pests in Western Siberia and Their Parasites,” in Zoological Problems of Siberia (Novosibirsk, 1972a), pp. 206–207 [in Russian].

  28. Chukanova, L.N., “Biological Features of the Frit Fly Parasite,” Zashchita Rastenii, No. 6, 30–31 (1972b).

  29. Chukanova, L.N., “Complex of Entomophags of the Frit Fly in Western Siberia,” Bull. Sib. NII Selskogo Khoz., No. 9, 37–40 (1975).

  30. Chukanova, L.N. and Kovalchuk, L.A., “Hymenopteran Species Parasitizing on the Frit Fly,” in Problems of Entomology in Siberia (Novosibirsk, 1974), pp. 127–129 [in Russian].

  31. Chukanova, L.N. and Spichenko, L.N., “An Entomophag of the Frit Fly Spalangia fuscipes,” Zashchita Rastenii (Novosibirsk), Nos. 1–2, 22–24 (1972).

  32. Chvála, M., Doskočil, J., Mook, J.H., and Pokorny, V., “The Genus Lipara Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae) Systematics, Morphology, Behavior, and Ecology,” Tijdsch. Entomol. 117, 1–25 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Collin, J.E., “A Short Summary of Our Knowledge of the Frit Fly,” Ann. Appl. Biol. 5(2), 81–96 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cunliffe, N., “Preliminary Observations on the Habits of Oscinella frit Linn.,” Ann. Appl. Biol. 8(2), 105–133 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Curtis, J., Farm Insects (London, 1860).

  36. De Bruyn, L., “The Parasite-Predator Community Attacking Lipara Species in Belgium,” Bull. Ann. Soc. Roy. Belg. Entomol. 123, 346–350 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  37. De Bruyn, L., Life History Strategies of Three Gall-Forming Flies Tied to Natural Variation in Growth of Phragmites australis,” US Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NC, No. 174, 56–72 (1994a).

  38. De Bruyn, L., “Lifecycle Strategies in a Guild Gall Formers on the Common Reed,” Syst. Ass., Special Volume 49, 259–281 (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Dely-Draskovits, A. Papp, J., Thuroczy, C., et al., “Über die Lipara-Gallen (Diptera, Chloropidae) lebenden Hymenopteren in der Schweiz,” Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 66, 35–40 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dely-Draskovits, A. Papp, J., Thuroczy, C., et al., “Hymenopteran Species in Lipara Galls (Diptera, Chloropidae) in Hungary,” Folia Entomol. Hung. 55, 65–91 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Dessart, P., “Dendrocerus chloropidarum n. sp., nouvelle espece europeene a notaulices incompletes (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea, Megaspilidae),” Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. Entomol. 60, 69–70 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Doskočil, J. and Chvála, M., “A Revision of Lipara Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae) Including the Description of a New Species from Europe,” Acta Entomol. Bohem. 68, 100–107 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dzhao, Tsyan-min, “Developmental Characteristics of Oat and Wheat Frit Flies in Maize,” Zool. Zh. 38(5), 727–733 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Dzhanokmen, K.A., “A New Pteromalid Species (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from the Mongol Peoples Republic,” in Insects of Mongolia (Leningrad, 1977), Vol. 5, pp. 496–499 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dzhanokmen, K.A., “The Family Pteromalidae,” in A Key to Insects of the European USSR (Nauka, Leningrad, 1978), Vol. 3, pp. 57–228 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dyurich, G.F., “Hymenopterans (Hymenoptera), Parasites of Dipterans of the Family Chloropidae (Diptera), Dwelling in Wild and Agricultural Gramineans,” in Entomophags of Plant Pests (Kishinev, 1980), pp. 6–165 [in Russian].

  47. Dyurich, G.F. and Kostjukov, V.V., “Crataepiella platycephalae Kostjukov, sp. n., a New Species of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera), a Frit Fly Parasite,” in Plant Pests and Their Entomophags (Kishinev, 1978), pp. 23–26 [in Russian].

  48. Erdös, J., “Observationes de insectis novices eorumque parasitis in Phragmite vulgari Linn.,” Állatani Közlem. Budapest 45, 33–48 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Erdös, J., “Additamenta ad cognitionem faunae Chalcidiodarum in Hungaria et regionibus finitimus: VI. 19. Eulopidae,” Folia Entomol. Hung. 9, 1–64 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Erdös, J., “Retentiores observationes entomocoenologicae in Phragmite commini Trin,” Állatani Közlem. Budapest 46, 49–65 (1957a).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Erdös, J., “Beobachtungen über die Insektcönose des Schilfes,” Ber. Wandt. Deutsch. Entomol. 171–177 (1957b).

  52. Erdös, J., “Enumentario systematica Thysanidarum et Aphilinidarum (Hymenoptera) Hungariae regionomque finitimarum cum datis earum ethologica (Cat. Hym. XII),” Folia Entomol. Hung. 11, 71–102 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Fisher, M., “Neue Zuchtergebnisse von Braconidae,” Zeit. Ang. Entomol. 50, 195–214 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fitton, M.G., Shaw, M.R., and Gauld, I.D., “Pempline Ichneumon Flies. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pemplinae)” in Handbook Identifying British Insects (1988), Vol. 7, Part 1.

  55. Floren, A. “Diversity and Distribution of Diptera in the Canopy of Primary and Disturbed SE-Asian Lowland Forest,” Studia Dipt. 10(3), 367–379 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Frew, G.G.W., “On the Larval Anatomy of the Gout-Fly of Barley (Chlorops taeniopus Meig.) and Two Related Acalyptrate Muscids with Notes on Their Winter Host Plants,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 2, 783–821 (1923a).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Fulmek, L., Parasitien der Blattminier Europas (W. Junk, Haag, 1962).

  58. Fulmek, L., “Parasiten der Insektgallen Europas,” Beitr. Entomol. 18(7–8), 719–959 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gahan, A.B., “Descriptions of Some New Parasitic Hymenoptera,” Proc. US Mus. Nat. Hist. Wash. 53, 195–217 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Gilberston, G.I., “The Wheat Stem Maggot,” Bull. South Dakota Agric. Exp. Station 217, 1–28 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Giraud, J., “Mémoire sur les insects qui vivent sur les Roseau commun, Phragmites communis Trin. (Arundo phragmites L.) et plus spécialement sur ceux d’ordre Hyménoptères,” Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13(3–4), 1251–1288 (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Goodliffe, M.A., “A Joint of Infestation of Barley by Lasiosina cinctipes Mg., Together with Chlorops taeniopus Meig. (Diptera, Chloropidae) and Their Hymenopteran Parasites,” J. Soc. British. Entomol. 1(9), 248–252 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Goodliffe, M.A., “Studies on Insects Bred from Barley, Wheat, Maize, and Oats,” Bull. Entomol. Res. 32, 309–325 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Goureau, C.C., “Les insects nuisibles aux arbres fruities, aux plantes potageres, aux cereals et aux plantes fourrageres,” Bull. Soc. Sci. Ivonne 15, 77–454 (1861).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gradwell, G.R., “A New Tetrastichine (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) Genus with Three Includes Species,” Entomol. Mon. Mag. 93, 1–5 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Graham, M.W.R., de V., “The Pteromalidae of North-western Europe (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea,” Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London 16(Suppl.), 1–908 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Graham, M.W.R., de V., “A Reclassification of the European Tetrastychinae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae): Revision of the Remaining Genera,” Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 49, 1–322 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Graham, M.W.R., de V. and Claridge, M.F., “Studies on the Stenomalina Group of Pteromalidae Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea),” Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 117(9), 263–311 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Grochowska, M., “Observation on Scambus arundinator (F.) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), the Parasites of the Fly Platycephala planifrons F. (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Polske Pismo Entomol. 59, 293–298 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gromysz-Kałkowska, K. and Grochowska, M., “Respiration Rates of Some Developmental Stages of Polemochartus liparae (Gir.)(Hymenoptera) and Its Host Lipara Similes Schin. (Diptera),” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 102, 473–476 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Györfi, J., “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise der Chalcididen-Arten in Ungarn,” Zeit. Ang. Entomol. 49(2), 207–223 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Haeselbarth, E., “Die Blacus Arten Europas und Zentral Asiens,” Ver. Zool. Staats. München 16, 62–170 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hedicke, H., “Zur Kenntnis der Cynipiden der Fritfliege,” Zeit. Schädlingsbekämpfung Berlin 1(1), 38–40 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hedwig, K., “Beiträge zur Kenntnis europäischen Schlupwespen,” Nahr. Samm. Schmarot., No. 29, 17–42 (1950).

  75. Hedwig, K., “Mitteleuropäische Schlupwespen und ihre Wirte,” Mitt. Naturwiss. Mus. Aschaffenburg, No. 47, 43–55 (1955).

  76. Hemer, M., “Zur Biologie, Wissenschaflische Beudeuteung und Bekammpfung der Fritfliege (Oscinis frit L.) an Gerste. Teil 1,” Zeit. Ang. Entomol. 44, 314–339 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hemer, M., “Zur Biologie, Wissenschaflische Beudeuteung und Bekammpfung der Fritfliege Oscinis frit L.) an Gerste. Teil 1,” Zeit. Ang. Entomol. 46, 71–119 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Henriksen, K.L., “The Aquatic Hymenoptera of Europe and Their Biology,” Entomol. Meddr. 12, 137–251 (1918–1919).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Horber, E., “Untersuchungen über die gelbe Getreidehalmflige Chlorops (Oscinis) pumilionis Bjerkander 1778 und ihre Auftreten verschiedenen Hohelagen der Schweiz,” Land. Jahrb. Schweiz. Bern 64(9), 887–1000 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hudek, K., Pelikan, J., Pokorny, V., et al., Invertebrates and Vertebrates Attacking Common Reed Stands (Phragmites communis) in Czechoslovakia (Studie SCAV, Prague, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Imhof, J., “Arthropod Communities Connected with Phragmites,” Monographiae Biol. 37, 389–397 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Imms, A.D., “Observation on Some Parasites of Oscinella frit L.: Part 1,” Parasitology 22, 11–36 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Imms, A.D., “Observation on Some Parasites of Oscinella frit Linn.,” Parasitology 24, 440–447 (1932).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Ivatsik, G.A. and Kovalchuk, L.A., “Natural Enemies of the Frit Fly in Gorkii Province,” Bull. VNIIZR, No. 32, 13–18 (1975).

  85. Jones, M.G., “The Effects of Some Insecticides on Population of Frit Fly (Oscinella frit L.) and Its Enemies,” J. Appl. Ecol. 5(2), 445–450 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Jones, M.G., “The Effects of Weather on Frit Fly (Oscinella fruit L. and Its Predators,” J. Appl. Ecol. 6, 425–444 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Kasparyan, D.R., “Subfamily Pimplinae,” in A Key to Insects of the European USSR (Nauka, Leningrad, 1978), Vol. 3, pp. 41–97 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kearns, H.G.H., “The Larval and Pupal Anatomy of Stenomalus micans, a Chalcid Parasite of the Gout-Fly (Chlorops taeniopus Meig.) with Some Details of the Life History of the Summer Generation,” Parasitology 23, 280–293 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kelly, E.O.G., “The Biology of Coelinidea meromyzae Forbes,” Econ. Entomol. 10(6), 527–531 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kerrich, G.J. and Quinlan, J., “Studies on Eucolinae Cynipidae (Hymenoptera),” Opuscula Entomol. 25(3), 179–196 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kiauka, G.F. and Nartshuk, E.P., “On the Biology of the Fly Polyodaspis ruficornis Mcq. (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Entomol. Obozr. 51(4), 734–742 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Koponen, M., “Contribution to the Knowledge of the Braconidae of Finland (Hymenoptera),” Entomol. Fenn. 2, 193–209 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kostyukov, V.V., “A New Chalcid Species of the Genus Tetrastichus (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Moldavia,” Trudy Vses. Entomol. O-va 61, 154–155 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kovalchuk, L.A., “Biological Method of Frit Fly Control in the Northwestern USSR,” in Biological Method of Plant Pest Control (Riga, 1968), pp. 221–224 [in Russian].

  95. Kovalchuk, L.A., Proceedings of the 5th Scientific Conference of Junior Scientists of the All-Union Institute for Plant Protection (Leningrad, 1969), pp. 133–137.

  96. Kovalchuk, L.A., Proceedings of the 7th Baltic Conference on Plant Protection (Elgava, 1970), pp. 40–41.

  97. Kovalchuk, L.A., “Spalangia drosophilae, a Frit Fly Parasite,” Zashchita Rastenii, No. 5, 23–25 (1972).

  98. Kovalchuk, L.A., “Biology of Spalangia drosophilae Ashm. (Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea) and Peculiarities of Its Behavior,” in Management of Animal Behavior (Moscow, 1977), pp. 145–147 [in Russian].

  99. Krivosheina, M.G. and Nikulina, O.N., “A Complex of Insects Developing in the Southern Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud.),” Biol. Nauki, No. 5, 49–56 (1991).

  100. Kurdjumov, N.V., “Hyménoptères-parasites noveaux ou peu connus,” Russ. Entomol. Obozr. 12, 223–243 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Lampa, S., “Kan Musca pumilionis Bjerkander vara identisk med senare författares lika benämba art af. slägtet Oscinus,” Ento mol. Tidskr. 9, 33–39 (1888).

    Google Scholar 

  102. Maetô, K., “Discovery of Two Genera, Sarops Nixon and Protodacnusa Griffiths from Japan (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),” Kontyû 51, 247–253 (1983a).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Maetô, K., “A Systematic Study of the Genus Polemochartus Schultz (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),” Kontyû 51, 247–253 (1983a).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Maetô, K., “Discovery of Two Genera, Sarops Nixon and Protodacnusa Griffiths from Japan (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Parasitic on the Genus Lipara Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Kontyû 51, 421–425 (1983b).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Marshakov, V.G., “The Introduced Parasite Spalangia drosophilae Ashm. (Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea) and Its Importance as an Entomophagan of Frit Flies. A Critical Analysis,” Entomol. Obozr. 62(2), 245–251 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Marshakov, V.G., “Parasites of Frit Flies: Real, Occasional, and Imaginary,” Bull. VNIIZR, No. 58, 38–42 (1984).

  107. Meyer, R., “Die parasitischen Hymenopteren der Fritfliege,” Zeit. Angew. Entomol. 9, 111–120 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Meyer, M.F., “Parasitic Wasps Reared from Harmful Insects in Russia,” Izv. Prikl. Entomol. 4(1), 231–248 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  109. Mokrzhetskii, S.A., A Report on Harmful Insects and Plant Diseases in Taurica Province in 1912 (Simferopol, 1913) [in Russian].

  110. Moiseev, A.E., “New Pests of Seeds, Flies of the Genus Dicraeus (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Entomol. Obozr. 31(1–2), 231–248 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  111. Mook, J.H., “Observations on the Oviposition Behavior of Polemon liparae Gir. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),” Arch. Needrl. Zool. 14(3), 423–430 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Mook, J.H., “Habitat Selection by Lipara lucens Mg. (Diptera, Chloropidae) and Its Survival Value,” Arch. Needrl. Zool. 17(3), 469–549 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Moore, D., “Hymenopterous Parasitoids of Stem-Boring Diptera (e.g., Oscinella frit (L.)) in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in Britain,” Bull. Entomol. Res. 73, 601–608 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Moore, D., “Factors Affecting Parasitism of Stem-Borer Larvae in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum),” Entomol. Exp. Appl. 36, 247–251 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Moore, D., Clements, R.O., and Ribout, M.S., “Effects of Positure Establishment and Renovation Techniques on the Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Oscinella frit L. and Other Stem-Boring Diptera in Ryegrass,” J. Appl. Ecol. 23(3), 871–881 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Moore, D. and Hunt, D.J., “The Role of Parasitic Nematodes and Hymenopterous Parasitoids in Causing Premature Death of Oscinella spp. Larvae,” Ann. Appl. Biol. 110, 210–211 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Moore, D. and Ridout, M.S., “Avoidance of Super-Parasitism of Stem-Boring Larvae by Chasmodon apterus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),” Entomophaga 32, 299–302 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Mulla, M.S., “Recovery of a Cynipoid Parasite from Hippelates Pupae,” Mosquito News 22(3), 301–302 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  119. Nartshuk, E.P., “Contribution to the Fauna and Ecology of Grass Flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) of Leningrad Province,” Trudy Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 31, 250–275 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  120. Nartshuk, E.P., “Grass Flies of the Genus Lipara Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae) in Mongolia and Their Parasites,” in Insects of Mongolia (Leningrad, 1977), Vol. 5, pp. 711–715 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  121. Nielsen, L., “Distribution and Population Densities of Stem Boring Fly Larvae (Diptera) and Their Parasitoids in Danish Farmland,” J. Appl. Entomol. 117(4), 321–331 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  122. Nikolskaya, M.N., “Parasites of Grass Flies and Midges of the Family Chalcididae,” Entomol. Obozr., Nos. 1–2, 3–28 (1937).

  123. Nordlander, G., “Populations ekologi hos fritflugan Oscinella frit (L.),” in Proceedings of Plant Protection Conference, 1978, Uppsala. Växtskyddsrapporter Jordbruk (1978a), Vols. 41–51 [in Swedish] (English summary: 243).

  124. Nordlander, G., “Parasitoids of the Frit Fly, Oscinella frit (L.) on Oats,” Norw. J. Entomol. 25, 89–90 (1978b).

    Google Scholar 

  125. Nordlander, G. and Grijpma, P., “Systematics and Biology of Rhoptomeris strobigena, New Species of a Parasitoid of Chloropids Inhabiting Conifer Cones (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae),” Entomol. Scand. 22(2), 209–218 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  126. Otten, E. “Gezogene Chalcididen und ihre Wirte,” Arb. Morph. Tax. Entomol. 1, 177–202 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  127. Papp, J., “New Braconid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, 3,” Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Hung. 84, 129–160 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Perkins, J.F., Two New Species of European Ephialtes (Scambus),” Opuscula Zool., No. 7, 1–3 (1957).

  129. Pielou, D.P. and Verma, A.N., “The Arthropod Fauna Associated With the Birch Bracket Fungus Polyporus betulinus in Eastern Canada,” Can. Entomol. 100, 1179–1190 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Plant, C.W., “Tetrastichus legionaries Giraud (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) in New Britain,” Entomol. J. Rec. Var. 109(1–2), 10 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  131. Porchinskii, I.A., Natural History of the Bread or Green-Eyed Midge (St. Petersburg, 1881) [in Russian].

  132. Raghi-Atri F., “Über das Vorkomman von Scambus detrita Holmgr. Als Parasit von Lipara similes Schn. In Berlin,” Deutsch. Entomol. Zeit. 27(4–5), 185–187 91980).

  133. Reader, S., “Strong Interaction between Species of Phytophagous Flies: a Case of Intraguild Kleptoparasitism,” Oikos 103(1), 101–112 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Reynvaan, J. and Docteur van Leeuwen, W.M., “Über die Gallen von Lipara lucens Meigen,” Rec. Trav. Bot. Ned. 2(3–4), 235–261 (1905).

    Google Scholar 

  135. Riggeli, E., “Untersuchungen über die parasiten der Fritfliege,” Arb. Phis. Ang. Entomol. 2, 1–23 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  136. Rockwood, L.P., Zimmerman, S.K., and Chamberlin, T.R., “The Wheat Stem Maggot of the Genus Meromyza in the Pacific Northwest,” Tech. Bull. Us Dept. Agric., No. 928, 1–18 (1947).

  137. Rörig, G., “Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der klienen Fiende der Landwirtschaft,” Ber. Phis. Lab. Vers. Land. Inst. Univ. Halle 10, 1–33 (1893).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Ruppolt, W., “Zur Biologie der cecidogenen Diptere Lipara lucens Meigen (Chloropidae),” Zeit. Ernst Moritz Univ. Greifswald Math.-Nat. Wiss. Reise 6, 279–292 (1956–1957).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Ruschka, F. and Fulmek, L., “Verzeichnis der an der k.k. Pflanzenschuts-Station in Wien erzogenen parasitischen Hymenopteran,” Zeit. Ang. Entomol. 2, 390–412 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  140. Ruszkowski, J.W., “Z observacyi nad Niezmianavka paskowana (Chlorops taeniopus Meig.) oraz jej pasorzyatami,” Ros. Nauk. Rol. Les. Posen 17, 1–22 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  141. Schander, R. and Meyer, R., “Untersuchungen über die Fritfliege,” Arch. Naturg. 90, 12–72 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  142. Schutze, K.T. and Roman, A., “Schlupwespen,” Isis Budissina 12, 1–12 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  143. Šedivy, J., “Faunistische und taxonomische Bemerkungen zu den Ichneumoniden der Tschechoslowakei. Pemplinae: II,” Acta Faun. Entomol. Mus. Nat. Pragae 9, 155–177 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  144. Seguy, E. Dipteres (Brachyceres), Muscidae, Acalypterae et Scatophagidae (Faune de France, Paris, 1934).

    Google Scholar 

  145. Severin, H.C., “Department of Entomology. Annual Report of South Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station 1922–1923,” Brooklin S.D., 17–21 (1923); 22–25 (1924).

  146. Seyrig, A., “Observation sur les Ichneumonides,” Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 96, 63–76 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  147. Shesterikov, K.M., “On the Biology of the Frit Fly (Oscines frit L.),” Izv. Mosk. Selskokhoz. Inst. 16(2), 207–228 (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Simmonds, F.J., “Parasites of the Frit-Fly Oscinella frit (L.) in Eastern North America,” Bull. Entomol. Res. 43, 503–542 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  149. Simmonds, F.J., “Inter-Relationship of the Parasites of the Frit-Fly Oscinella frit (L.) in Eastern North America,” Bull. Entomol. Res. 44, 387–393 (1953a).

    Google Scholar 

  150. Simmonds, F.J., “Observations on the Biology and Mass-Rearing of Spalangia drosophilae Ashm. (Hymenoptera, Spalangidae), a Parasite of the Frit-Fly Oscinella frit (L.),” Bull. Entomol. Res. 44, 773–778 (1953b).

    Google Scholar 

  151. Simmonds, F.J., “Host Finding and Selection by Spalangia drosophilae Ashm.,” Bull. Entomol. Res. 45, 527–537 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Skaldere, S.K., “Wintering of Spalangia drosophilae, a Frit Fly Parasite, in Latvia,” in Methods of Introduction of Progressive Methods of Plant Protection in Agriculture (Riga, 1976a), pp. 181–184 [in Russian].

  153. Skaldere, S.K., “Efficiency of Spalangia in Frit Fly Control on Rye,” in Methods of Introduction of Progressive Methods of Plant Protection in Agriculture (Riga, 1976b), pp. 185–189 [in Russian].

  154. Skaldere, S.K., “Spalangia, and Acclimatized Parasite of Frit Flies,” in Methods of Further Improvement of Plant Protection in Byelorussia and Baltic Republics (Minsk, 1979), Part 2, pp. 97–98 [in Russian].

  155. Skuhravý, V., “Diptera Attacking Common Reed in Czechoslovakia (Phragmites communis),” Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 5–6 (1977), 417–418 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Starke, H., “Ertses Nachtrag zu den Schlupwespen von K.T. Schätze, Rachlau und Dr. Roman, Stockholm,” Isis Budessiana 14, 63–95 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  157. Talitskii, V.I. and Kuslitskii, V.S., Parasitic Hymenopterans of Moldavia (Kishinev, 1990) [in Russian].

  158. Treherne, R.C., “A Preliminary List of Parasitic Insects Known to Occur in Canada,” Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 46, 178–193 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  159. Tryapitsyn, V.A. “Family Sygniphoridae,” in A Key to Insects of the European USSR (Nauka, Leningrad, 1978), Vol. 3, Part 2, pp. 513–516 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  160. Tryapitsyn, V.A. and Kostjukov, V.V. “Family Eulophidae,” in A Key to Insects of the European USSR (Nauka, Leningrad, 1978), Vol. 3, Part 2, pp. 381–467 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  161. Tsygankov, S.K., “On the Biology of Flies, Cereal Crop Pests (Chlorops taeniopus Meig., Meromyza saltatrix L., Lasiosina cinctipes Meig.),” Trudy Poltav. Selskokhoz. Stan. 16, 1–24 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  162. Umoru, P.A., “Parasitism of Frit Fly Oscinella spp. (Diptera, Chloropidae) and Geomyza tripunctata Fall. (Diptera, Opomyzidae) by Hymenopterous Parasitoids in Grassland in Northern England,” J. Appl. Entomol. 116, 313–320 (1993b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Valkeila, E., “[Månadsmöttet 15.XII.1949 kuukausikokous],” Notulae Entomol. 29, 127 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Valkeila, E., “Lipara-äkämien asukkiasta Suomesse,” Lounnon Tutkija 63(5), 141–144 (1959a).

    Google Scholar 

  165. Valkeila, E., “Beiträge zur Erzwspen Fauna (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) in Finnland,” Ann. Entomol. Fenn., 180–181 (1959b).

  166. Voinovskaya-Kriger, T. “Some Data on Parasites of the Frit Fly (Oscinella frit L.),” Izv. Prikladnoi Entomol. 4(1) 185–188 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  167. Wagner, A.C.W., “Schlupwespen und ihre Wirte. Zuchtergebnisse von Hamburger Entomologen,” Verh. Ver. Naturwiss. Unterhaltung Hamburg 20 (1928), 1–17 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  168. Wagner, W., “Über die Gallen von Lipara lucens Meigen,” Verh. Ver. Naturwiss. Unterhaltung Hamburg 13, 120–135 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  169. Waitzbauer, W., “Lebensweise und Productionsbiologie der Schilfgallenfliege Lipara lucens Mg. (Diptera, Chloropidae),” Sitz Österreich Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Klass 178, 177–242 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  170. Waitzbauer, W., Pruscha, H., and Picher, O., “Faunistisch-oekologisch Untersuchungen and schilfbewohnender Dipteren im Schilfgürtel des Neusiedler Sees,” Sitz. Österreich Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Klass 181, 111–136 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  171. Watanabe, C., “Two New Species of the Genus Coelinoidea Viereck Parasites of Stem Flies of Economic Importance, Occurring in Japan,” Mushi 37(2), 13–19 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  172. Webster, F.M., “Some Insects Attacking the Stem of Growing Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats,” Bull. US Dept. Agric. Div. Entomol. 42, 1–61 (1903).

    Google Scholar 

  173. Wilhelm, H., Die Haferfliege (Oscinis pusilla) und die Mittel zu ihrer Bekämpfung (Leipzig, 1989).

  174. Wolf, H., “Bewohner von Schilfgallen in der Naturschutzgebieten “Am Berger Hang” und “Enkheimer Ried” in Frankfurt am Main (Insecta: Diptera, Hymenoptera),” Heiss. Faun. Briefe (Darmstadt) 8, 16–18 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  175. Yokoo, T., “Notes on Chlorops oryzae Mats. In Korea,” Oyo-Dobutsugaku Zasshi 8(2), 99–105 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  176. Zamfirov, Ts., Novi vidove parasitni nasekomi za faunata na Bolgaria,” Selskostopanska Nauka, 1(11), 1203–1206 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  177. Zerova, M.D., “New Species of the Genus Eurytoma Illiger (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) from Mongolia,” in Insects of Mongolia (Leningrad, 1977), Vol. 5, pp. 487–495 [in Russian].

  178. Zerova, M.D., “The Family Eurytomidae,”,” in A Key to Insects of the European USSR (Nauka, Leningrad, 1978a), Vol. 3, pp. 328–358 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  179. Zerova, M.D., Chalcidae-Eurytomidae, Fauna of the Ukraine (Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1978b), Vol. 2 [in Ukrainian].

    Google Scholar 

  180. Zerova, M.D., Parasitic Hymenopterans: Eurytomids and Eudecatomids of the Palaearctic Region (Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1995) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  181. Znamenskii, A.V., “Agricultural Insect Pests: Part 1. Cereal Pests,” Trudy Poltav. Selskokhoz. Opytnoi Stantsii, No. 50 (1923).

  182. Zogt, H. Horber, E., and Salmann, R., “Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Eidg. Landwirtschaftlischen Versuchanstalt Zurich-Oerliken pro 1947/1948. 8. Pflanzenschutz,” Landwirtsch. Jahrb. Schweiz. Berne 63(4), 383–395 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    E. P. Nartshuk

Authors
  1. E. P. Nartshuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Original Russian Text © E.P. Nartshuk, 2006, published in Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 2006, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 414–440.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nartshuk, E.P. Parasites of grass flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) from the order hymenoptera in the Holarctic region. Entmol. Rev. 86, 576–597 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806050095

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806050095

Keywords

Search

Navigation