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Hyaluronic acid — an “old” molecule with “new” functions: biosynthesis and depolymerization of hyaluronic acid in bacteria and vertebrate tissues including during carcinogenesis

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Abstract

Hyaluronic acid is an evolutionarily ancient molecule commonly found in vertebrate tissues and capsules of some bacteria. Here we review modern data regarding structure, properties, and biological functions of hyaluronic acid in mammals and Streptococcus spp. bacteria. Various aspects of biogenesis and degradation of hyaluronic acid are discussed, biosynthesis and degradation metabolic pathways for glycosaminoglycan together with involved enzymes are described, and vertebrate and bacterial hyaluronan synthase genes are characterized. Special attention is given to the mechanisms underlying the biological action of hyaluronic acid as well as the interaction between polysaccharide and various proteins. In addition, all known signaling pathways involving hyaluronic acid are outlined. Impaired hyaluronic acid metabolism, changes in biopolymer molecular weight, hyaluronidase activity, and enzyme isoforms often accompany carcinogenesis. The interaction between cells and hyaluronic acid from extracellular matrix that may be important during malignant change is discussed. An expected role for high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in resistance of naked mole rat to oncologic diseases and the protective role of hyaluronic acid in bacteria are discussed.

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Abbreviations

CAP:

catabolite activator protein (or cAMP receptor protein)

CDS:

carbohydrate deficiency shock

HA:

hyaluronic acid

HAS:

bacterial hyaluronan synthase

HAS(13):

vertebrate hyaluronan synthases

has(1-3) :

vertebrate hyaluronan synthase genes

hasABC :

bacterial hyaluronan synthase operon

HYAL-(1-4):

HYAL-P1, and PH20 are human hyaluronidases

hylA :

streptococcal hyaluronan lyase gene

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  1. Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 123098, Moscow, Russia

    R. N. Tsepilov

  2. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047, Moscow, Russia

    A. V. Beloded

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Original Russian Text © R. N. Tsepilov, A. V. Beloded, 2015, published in Biokhimiya, 2015, Vol. 80, No. 9, pp. 1315–1333.

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Tsepilov, R.N., Beloded, A.V. Hyaluronic acid — an “old” molecule with “new” functions: biosynthesis and depolymerization of hyaluronic acid in bacteria and vertebrate tissues including during carcinogenesis. Biochemistry Moscow 80, 1093–1108 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297915090011

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