Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Archaeoseismological Study of Medieval Monuments at the Foot of Sulaiman-Too Mountain (Osh City, Fergana Valley)

  • Published:
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the fall of 2022, we studied damages at the 16th-century Ravat Abdullakhan Mosque in the city of Osh in the east of the Fergana Valley using archeoseismology method. Seismic deformations related, apparently, to the strong Kokand earthquake that occurred in 1822 have been revealed: a significant horizontal displacement of the upper part of the mosque relative to the lower part, systematic tilts of the colonnades, and rotations around the vertical axis (both of individual parts of the mosque and the building as a whole). Such severe damage could have been caused by seismic oscillations with a strength of Il = 8‒9 (according to the MSK-64 scale). The Ravat Abdullakhan Mosque was built in the 16th century on the ruins of two more ancient structures. It is possible that two seismic events of the 12th and 15th centuries led to the destruction of these buildings (the construction of the pre-Mongol period and, presumably, the Jauz Mosque mentioned in Bāburnāma). The first earthquake is likely responsible for the destruction of the bath complex from the Karakhanid era that is located next to the mosque. The sources of seismic oscillations were tectonic movements along the zones of adyr faults and folds that were located near the Ravat Abdullakhan Mosque. It is possible that the initiator of seismic damage to the mosque was Mount Sulaiman-Too, an actively growing anticlinal adyr fold; the medieval structure under study is located at the its eastern foot.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Abdrakhmatov, K.E., Dzhanuzakov, K.D., Frolova, A.G., Pogrebnoi, V.N., Karta seismicheskogo raionirovaniya territorii Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. Bishkek: Ilim, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Tawalbeh, M., Jaradat, R., Al-Bashaireh, K., Al-Rawabdeh, A., Gharaibeh, A., Khrisat, B., and Kázmér, M., Two inferred antique earthquake phases recorded in the roman theater of Beit-ras, Capitolias (Jordan), Seismol. Res. Lett., 2020, vol. 20, pp. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anarbaev, A.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Usmanova, M.T., Nurmatov, U.A., Kubaev, S.Sh., Korzhenkova, L.A., Karaeva, Z.A., Nazhmiddinov, A., Zakhidov, T., Yusupdzhanova, U.A. Istoricheskie seismicheskie katastrofy na Ferganskom uchastke Velikogo shelkovogo puti, Geofizicheskie protsessy i biosfera. 2022. T. 21, № 3. S. 52-74. https://doi.org/10.21455/GPB2022.3-6

  4. Babur, M.Z., Babur-Name (Babur-Name), Tashkent: Gl. red. entsiklopedii, 1992, vol. 2.

  5. Bachinskii, N.M., Antiseismika v arkhitekturnykh pamyatnikakh Srednei Azii (Antiseismic Technology in Middle Asian Architectural Monuments), Moscow–Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1949.

  6. Bartol’d, V.V., Otchet o poezdke v Srednyuyu Aziyu s nauchnoi tsel’yu v 1893–1894 godakh (Report on the Scientific Travel to Central Asia in 1893–1894), St. Petersburg, 1897.

  7. Benjelloun, Y., de Sigoyer, J., Dessales, H., Baillet, L., Gueguen, P., and Sahin, M., Historical earthquake scenarios for the middle strand of the north anatolian fault deduced from archeo-damage inventory and building deformation modeling, Seismol. Res. Let, 2020, vol. XX, pp. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bogachkin, B.M., Korzhenkov, A.M., Mamyrov, E., Nechaev, Yu.V., Omuraliev, M., Petrosyan, A.E., Pletnev, K.G., Rogozhin, E.A., Charimov, T.A. Struktura ochaga Susamyrskogo zemletryaseniya 1992 g. na osnovanii analiza ego geologicheskikh i seismologicheskikh proyavlenii, Fizika Zemli. 1997. № 11. S. 3-18.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chediya, O.K., Morfostruktury i noveishii tektogenez Tyan’-Shanya (The Morphostructures and Latest Technogenesis of the Tien Shan), Frunze: Ilim, 1986.

  10. Detal’noe seismicheskoe raionirovanie Vostochnoi Kirgizii. Frunze: Ilim, 1988.

  11. Dzhanuzakov K., Omuraliev M., Omuralieva A., Il’yasov B., Grebennikova V.V. Sil’nye zemletryaseniya Tyan’-Shanya v predelakh territorii Kyrgyzstana i prilegayushchikh raionov stran Tsentral’noi Azii. Bishkek: Ilim, 2003. 216 s.

  12. Stiros, S. and Jones, R.E., Athens: Brit. School at Athens, 1996.

  13. Geologiya SSSR. Kirgizskaya SSR. M.: Gosgeoltekhizdat, 1954. T. XXV, ch. 1. 991 s.

  14. Geologiya SSSR. Kirgizskaya SSR. M.: Nedra, 1972. T. XXV, kn. 1. 280 s.

  15. Hinojosa-Prieto, H.R., Estimation of the moment magnitude and local site effects of a postulated late bronze age earthquake: mycenaean citadels of tiryns and midea, greece, Ann. Geophys., 2020, vol. 63, no. 3, p. E331. in Paleoseismology, Mc, J.P., Ed., San Diego: Acad. Press, 1996.

  16. Istoriya narodov Uzbekistana. Tashkent: Izd-vo AN UzSSR, 1947. T. II. 514 s.

  17. Kamchybekov, M.P., Murataliev, N.M., Kamchybekov, Y.P., and Azhybek, K.A., Seismicity of the territory around the town of Osh, Kyrgyzstan, Vestn. Inst. Seismol. Nats. Akad. Nauk Kyrg. Resp., 2022, no. 2, pp. 24–31.

  18. Karta seismicheskogo raionirovaniya territorii Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki (M. 1 : 1 000 000) (Seismic Zoning Map of the Kyrgyz Republic (Scale 1 : 1 000 000)), Bishkek: Ilim, 1996.

  19. Kázmér, M. and Győri, E., Millennial record of earthquakes in the Carpathian–Pannonian region: Historical and archaeoseismology, Hung. Hist. Rev., 2020, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 284–301.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kázmér, M. and Škrgulja, R., The 4th century Siscia (Croatia) earthquake: Archaeoseismological evidence, in The First Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia: Abstr. Zagreb, 2021, pp. 257‒266.

  21. Korzhenkov, A.M., Seismogeologiya Tyan’-Shanya (v predelakh territorii Kyrgyzstana i prilegayushchikh raionov) (Seismogeology of the Tien Shan (Within the Territory of Kyrgyzstan and Adjacent Regions)), Bishkek: Ilim, 2006.

  22. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Lemzin, I.N., Macroseismic survey and geological conditions of the Kochkor-Ata (1992, M LH = 6.2) earthquake in southern Kyrgyzstan, Nauka Novye Tekhnol., 2000, no. 3, pp. 14–21.

  23. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Structural reconstruction of seismic events: Ruins of ancient buildings as fossil seismographs, Sci. New Technol., 1999, no. 1, pp. 62–74.

  24. Korzhenkov, A.M., Gadzhiev, M.S., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A. Traces of seismic activity in architectural monuments in Derbent, Dagestan, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2020a, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 633–656. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433820070051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Korzhenkov, A.M., Minchev, A., Tenekedjiev, V., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Dimitrov, O., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., Rangelov, B., and Strel’nikov, A.A., Seismic Deformations in an Early Christian Monastery in the Area of Djanavara, Varna, Bulgaria. Part 1: Study Methods, Seism. Instrum., 2020b, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 343–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Korzhenkova, L.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Strel’nikov, A.A., Starikova, A.Yu., Kichutkin, A.S., Makeev, V.M., Mazheika, I.V., and Fortuna, A.B., Strong earthquakes on the southern slope of the Kungei Ala-Too range, Northern Tien Shan, and their structural position in the Earth’s crust, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2022, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 724–747. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433822070064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Liritzis, I., Westra, A., and Miao, C., Disaster geoarchaeology and natural cataclysms in world cultural evolution: An overview, J. Coastal Res., 2019, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1307–1330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Martín-González, F., Earthquake damage orientation to infer seismic parameters inarchaeological sites and historical earthquakes, Tectonophysics, 2018, vol. 724/725, pp. 137–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Martín-González, F., Review and proposed method to study the damage orientation of earthquake effects in pre-instrumental earthquakes, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 980–993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nikonov, A.A. O seismicheskoi opasnosti Yuzhnoi Fergany (po novym dannym o sil’neishikh zemletryaseniyakh XIX v. i paleozemletryaseniyam, Voprosy inzhenernoi seismologii, 1984. Vyp. 25. S. 125–137.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Otsenka veroyatnostnoi seismicheskoi opasnosti territorii Kyrgyzstana na periody 10 let i 50 let (2012–2021 i 2012–2061 gg.): Sostavlenie novoi karty seismicheskogo raionirovaniya territorii Kirgizskoi Respubliki v masshtabe 1 : 1 000 000. Bishkek: IS NAN KR, 2011. [Otchet (rukopisnyi)].

  32. Paleoseismology, McCalpin, J.P., Ed., San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.

  33. Porshnyakov, G.S. Etapy formirovaniya tektonicheskikh struktur razlichnykh segmentov gertsinid Yuzhnogo Tyan’-Shanya, Tektonika Tyan’-Shanya i Pamira. M.: Nauka, 1983. S. 73-78.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Roumane, K. and Ayadi, A., in The Geology of the Arab World – An Overview, Bendaoud, A. and Ed.,

  35. Satuluri, S., Gadhavi, M.S., Malik, J.N., and Vikrama, B., Quantifying seismic induced damage at ancient site manjal located in kachchh mainland region of gujarat, india, J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep, 2020, vol. 33, p. 102486.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Seismicheskoe raionirovanie Kirgizskoi SSR. Frunze: Ilim, 1977.

  37. Seismicheskoe raionirovanie territorii SSSR. M.: Nauka, 1980.

  38. Sil’nye istoricheskie i paleozemletryaseniya Priissykkul’ya i ikh polozhenie v strukture Severnogo Tyan’-Shanya / Abdieva S.V., Agatova A.R., Arrousmit R., Bauman D., Vakhrameeva P.S., Gladkov A.S., Gural’nik B., Deev E.V., Dzhumabaeva A.B., Kazmer M., Kerimbaeva D., Kol’chenko V., Korzhenkov A.M., Krosbi K., Lobova (Kazantseva) E.Yu., Luzhanskii D.V., Mazheika I.V., Mamyrov E., Men’shikov M.Yu., Morozova E.A., Muraliev A.M., Nurmanbetov K., Orlova L.A., Pavlis T.L., Povolotskaya I.E., Porat N., Rogozhin E.A., Rodina S.N., Rodkin M.V., Sorokin A.A., Tabaldiev K., Turova I.V., Usmanov S.F., Fortuna A.B., Charimov T.A., Shen D., Yudakhin A.S (TRANSLATION) Nikolaev, A.V, Eds.

  39. Stiros, S.C., Monumental articulated ancient greek and romancolumns and temples and earthquakes: archaeological, historical, and engineering approaches, J. Seismol., 2020, vol. 24, pp. 853–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Stratifitsirovannye i intruzivnye obrazovaniya Kirgizii. Frunze: Ilim, 1982.

  41. Trofimov, A.K. and Chediya, O.K., K metodike otsenki intensivnosti noveishikh tektonicheskikh dvizhenii po geologo-morfologicheskim dannym na primere doliny reki Ak-Bura (Yugo-Vostochnaya Fergana), Materialy po geologii kainozoya i noveishei tektonike Tyan’-Shanya. Frunze: Ilim, 1970. S. 152-171.

  42. Zakharova, A.E., Osh – yuzhnaya stolitsa Kyrgyzstana, Pamyatniki istorii i kul’tury. PTs “Polaris”, 2019. 148 s.

  43. Zakharova, E.A., Istoriko-arkhitekturnoe nasledie goroda Osh. Osh: Osh-3000, 1997. 150 s.

  44. Zakharova, E.A., Sulaiman-Too: Mify, legendy, predaniya, issledovaniya. Osh: PTs “Maksimum”, 2013.

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by State Task of Laboratory no. 304, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the topic “Studies of the Regime of Strong Earthquakes and Geodynamics of the Alpine-Himalayan Mountain Belt and Relatively Stable Territories of the East European Platform with the Baltic Shield Based on the Study of Paleoseismicity and Alpine Paleogeodynamics” and by the National Center for Archeology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, grant no. Uzbekistan F3-202011021.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123995, Moscow, Russia

    A. M. Korzhenkov & A. A. Strelnikov

  2. Jamgerchinov Institute of History and Cultural Heritage, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, 720071, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    B. E. Amanbaeva

  3. National Center of Archeology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 100060, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    A. Anarbaev & M. Pardaev

  4. Sulaiman-Too National Historical and Archaeological Museum Complex, Osh, Kyrgyzstan

    H. Ibadullaev

  5. Sergeev Institute of Geoecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109004, Moscow, Russia

    L. A. Korzhenkova

  6. SuperSonic Geophysical LLC, 90042, Los Angeles, CA, United States

    J. Williams

  7. Institute of Seismology, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, 720060, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    A. B. Fortuna

Authors
  1. A. M. Korzhenkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. E. Amanbaeva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Anarbaev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. Ibadullaev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. A. Korzhenkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Pardaev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A. A. Strelnikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. B. Fortuna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to A. M. Korzhenkov or A. A. Strelnikov.

Ethics declarations

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Translated by A. Ivanov

Publisher’s Note.

Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Korzhenkov, A.M., Amanbaeva, B.E., Anarbaev, A. et al. Archaeoseismological Study of Medieval Monuments at the Foot of Sulaiman-Too Mountain (Osh City, Fergana Valley). Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 59, 838–856 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823070034

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823070034

Keywords:

Search

Navigation