Abstract
Results are rported from experimental and theoretical studies of the energy and mass exchange of a body of water with the atmosphere. A new parametric model has been developed on the basis of experimental data that takes into account the influence of the depth of the basin on evaporation, its heat exchange with the atmosphere, and the water-surface friction at different wind speeds. Comparison of the model with measurements during the LITFASS-98 and LITFASS-2003 experiments (Germany) shows good consistency. The results indicate, on the one hand, that the depth of the basin has a large effect on the intensity of energy exchange under natural conditions. On the other hand, the examples shown in the paper illustrate good agreement of the model calculations with experimental data. On the basis of the experimental data on the influence of the basin depth on the intensity of the interaction between the basin and the atmosphere, a balance model of the energy exchange in the coastal zone has been developed. The balance model calculates the momentum, heat, and moisture fluxes at different distances from the shore. Results of using the new model to estimate the intensification of evaporation and the heat exchange of the northern Caspian and the Kara-Bogaz Gol are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. S. Monin and A. M. Yaglom, Statistical Fluid Mechanics (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1971; Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 1992).
G. N. Panin, Heat and Mass Exchange between a Body of Water and the Atmosphere in Natural Conditions (Nauka, Moscow, 1985) [in Russian].
G. N. Panin, Evaporation and Heat Exchange for the Caspian Sea (Nauka, Moscow, 1987) [in Russian].
G. S. Golitsyn and G. N. Panin, “On the Water Balance and the Current Variations in Caspian Sea Level,” Meteorol. Gidrol., No. 1, 57–64 (1989).
G. N. Panin and A. E. Nasonov, “Problems of Measurement and Calculation of Surface Fluxes in KUREX-91 Experiment,” Remote Sensing Rev. 17, 281–290 (1998).
E. T. Kanemasu, S. B. Verma, E. A. Smith, et al., “Surface Flux Measurements in FIFE: An Overview,” J. Geophys. Res. D 97, 18547–18556 (1992).
T. Foken, “The Parametrisation of the Energy Exchange across the Air-Sea Interface,” Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 8, 297–305 (1984).
T. Foken, “An Operational Model of the Energy Exchange across the Air-Sea Interface,” Z. Meteorol. 36, 354–359 (1986).
T. Foken, S. A. Kitajgorodskij, and O. A. Kuznecov, “On the Dynamics of the Molecular Temperature Boundary Layer above the Sea,” Boundary Layer Meteorol. 15, 289–300 (1978).
G. N. Panin and S. V. Krivitskii, Aerodynamic Roughness of the Surface of a Water Body (Nauka, Moscow, 1992) [in Russian].
S. A. Kitaigorodskii, O. A. Kuznetsov, and G. N. Panin, “On the Coefficients of Resistance, Heat Transfer, and Evaporation in Calculations of Momentum, Heat, and Moisture Fluxes over the Sea Surface in the Atmosphere,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana. 9, 1135–1141 (1973).
G. N. Panin, A. Raabe, S. V. Krivitskii, et al., “Small-Scale Air-Sea Interaction in the Coastal Zone,” Vodn. Resur. 21, 59–68 (1994).
A. Yu. Benilov, O. A. Kuznetsov, and G. N. Panin, “On the Analysis of Wind Wave-Induced Disturbances of the Atmospheric Turbulent Surface Layer,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 6, 269–285 (1974).
G. N. Panin, “Some Experimental Results from Studies of Air-Sea Interaction,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 147–152 (1990).
G. S. Golitsyn and A. A. Grachev, “Velocities and Heat and Mass Exchange during Convection in a Two-Component Medium,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 255, 548–552 (1989).
A. Raabe, G. N. Panin, and H.-Y. Schoenfeldt, “Die Variabilitat des Windreibungs-Koeffizienten Uber See in der Nahe Einer Kuste Mit Steil Ansteigendem,” Ufer. Z. Meteorol. 37(3), 137–147 (1987).
G. N. Panin, A. E. Nasonov, and M. G. Souchintsev, “Measurements and Estimation of Energy and Mass Exchange over a Shallow Sea,” in The Air-Sea Interface, Ed. by M. Donelan (Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, Florida, 1996), pp. 489–494.
A. F. G. Jacobs, B. G. Heusinkveld, and J. P. Nieveen, “Temperature Behavior of a Natural Shallow Water Body During a Summer Periode,” Theor. Appl. Climatol. 59, 121–127 (1998).
V. I. Naidenov, Nonlinear Dynamics of Surface Waters of Dry Land (Nauka, Moscow, 2004) [in Russian].
G. N. Panin, A. E. Nasonov, Th. Foken, and H. Lohse, “Evaporation and Sensible Heat Exchange for a Shallow Lake,” Theor. Appl. Climatol. 28 (2006) (in press).
R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988).
I. N. Davidan, L. I. Lopatukhin, and V. A. Rozhkov, Waves in the Ocean (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1985) [in Russian].
M. Boorngen, H.-J. Schoenfeldt, F. Riechmann, et al., Wind Atlas and Wave Atlas for the Area of Darss and Zingst (Wiss. Mitteilungen Inst. fur Meteorology, Leipzig, 1998), Vol. 10.
WADIM Group (S. Hasselman, K. Hasselman, P. A. E. M. Janson, et al.), “The WAM Model—A Third Generation Ocean Wave Prediction Model,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18, 1775–1810 (1988).
F. Beyrich, LITFASS-98 Experiment, 25.5.1998–30.6.1998, Experimental Report (Deutscher Wetterdienst, Forschung und Entwicklung, Arbeitsergebnisse, Frankfurt am Main, 2000), No. 62.
F. Beyrich, H.-J. Herzog, and J. Neisser, “The LITFASS Project of DWD and the LITFASS-98 Experiment: The Project Strategy and the Experimental Setup,” Theor. Appl. Climatol. 73(3/4), 3–18 (2002).
G. L. Geernaert, “Bulk Parametrizations for the Wind Stress and Heat Fluxes,” in Plant Surface Waves and Fluxes, Ed. by G. L. Geernaert and W. J. Plant (Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1990), Vol. 1, pp. 91–172.
M. A. Donelan, “The Dependence of the Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient on Wave Parameters,” in Proceedings of First International Conference on Meteorology and Air-Sea Interaction of the Coastal Zone (American Meteorological Society, 1982), pp. 381–387.
S. S. Atakturk and K. B. Katsaros, “Wind Stress and Surface Waves Observed on Lake Washington,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 633–650 (1999).
J. Wieringa, “Tilt Errors and Precipitation Effects in Trivane Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes over Open Water,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2, 406–426 (1972).
J. R. Garratt, “The Internal Boundary Layer—A Review,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 171–203 (1990).
L. H. Kanta and C. A. Clayson, Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows (Academic, 2000).
V. N. Kudryavtsev, V. K. Makin, and J. F. Meirink, “Simplified Model of the Air Flow above Waves,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 100, 63–90 (2001).
W. A. Oost, “The KNMI HEXMAX Stress Data—A Reanalysis,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 86, 447–468 (1998).
H. P. Schmid, “Experimental Design for Flux Measurements: Matching Scales of Observations and Fluxes,” Agric. For. Meteorol. 87, 179–200 (1997).
R. A. Ibraev, “Sensitivity of the Solution of a Model for the Dynamics of Black Sea Currents to the Condition of the Free Sea Surface,” Okeanologiya 41, 645–652 (2001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Original Russian Text © G.N. Panin, A.E. Nasonov, T. Foken, 2006, published in Izvestiya AN. Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 367–383.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Panin, G.N., Nasonov, A.E. & Foken, T. Evaporation and heat exchange of a body of water with the atmosphere in a shallow zone. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 42, 337–352 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433806030078
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433806030078