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When more is not better: A curvilinear relationship between foreign language proficiency and social categorization

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Abstract

Expatriate host country language proficiency is predominately assumed to have a negative linear relationship with expatriate social categorization – as outgroup members – by host country national (HCN) employees in foreign subsidiaries. Departing from this assumption, we use social identity theory (SIT) and SIT-based sociolinguistics to hypothesize that expatriate host country language proficiency, due to identity threat, has a curvilinear U-shaped relationship with HCNs’ expatriate outgroup categorization: at first, outgroup categorization decreases with increasing expatriates’ language proficiency, but, from a certain point onwards, it increases because “too good” language proficiency violates salient intergroup boundaries between HCNs and expatriates. Due to their key roles in social categorization, we also examine whether HCN allocentrism and uncertainty avoidance moderate the proposed curvilinear relationship. Results from data collected from 1166 HCN employees in 956 foreign subsidiaries in Japan provide support for the main curvilinear relationship and the moderating curvilinear relationship of uncertainty avoidance. Our results suggest that the language-proficient expatriate social categorization relationship is more complex than previous international business research has evoked. Our study contributes to the international business literature by casting doubt on the widely held assumption that expatriate adaptation towards the host country always carries beneficial effects. Our study cautions, in particular, against the common assumption that higher proficiency in the host country language will automatically lead to better relationships with HCNs in foreign subsidiaries.

Resume

On suppose généralement que les compétences linguistiques des expatriés dans le pays d’accueil ont un effet linéaire négatif sur la catégorisation sociale des expatriés en tant que membres d’un groupe extérieur par les employés ressortissants du pays d’accueil (RPA) dans les filiales étrangères. Partant de cette hypothèse, nous utilisons la théorie de l’identité sociale (TIS) et la sociolinguistique fondée sur la TIS pour supposer que la compétence linguistique des expatriés dans le pays d’accueil, en raison de la menace identitaire, a une relation curviligne en forme de U avec la catégorisation des expatriés comme membres d’un groupe extérieur par les RPA: au début, la catégorisation en tant que membre d’un groupe extérieur diminue avec l’augmentation de la compétence linguistique des expatriés, mais - à partir d’un certain point - elle augmente parce que la “trop bonne” compétence linguistique viole les frontières saillantes entre les RPA et les expatriés. En raison de leur rôle clé dans la catégorisation sociale, nous examinons également si l’allocentrisme des RPA et l’évitement de l’incertitude modèrent la relation curviligne proposée. Les résultats des données recueillies auprès de 1 166 employés RPA dans 956 filiales étrangères au Japon confirment la relation curvilinéaire principale et la relation curvilinéaire modératrice de l’évitement de l’incertitude. Ainsi, notre étude suggère que la relation entre la compétence linguistique et la catégorisation sociale des expatriés est plus complexe que ne l’ont évoqué les précédentes recherches en international business. Nous contribuons à la littérature en mettant en doute l’hypothèse largement répandue selon laquelle l’adaptation des expatriés au pays d’accueil a toujours des effets bénéfiques. Notre recherche met particulièrement en garde contre l’hypothèse courante selon laquelle une meilleure maîtrise de la langue du pays d’accueil entraînera automatiquement de meilleures relations avec les RPA dans les filiales étrangères.

Resumen

Se asume predominante que el dominio del idioma del país anfitrión del expatriado tiene un efecto linear negativo en la categorización social de los expatriados como miembros de grupo externo por parte de los empleados nacionales del país anfitrión (HCN por sus iniciales en inglés) en las filiales extranjeras. Partiendo de esta suposición, usamos la teoría de la identidad social (SIT por sus iniciales en inglés) y la sociolingüística basada en la teoría de la identidad social para hipotetizar que el dominio del lenguaje del país anfitrión del expatriado, debido a la amenaza de identidad, tiene una relación curvilínea en forma de U con la categorización como grupos externos a los expatriados por parte de los empleados nacionales del país anfitrión: al principio, la clasificación como grupo externo disminuye con el aumento del dominio del lenguaje de los expatriados pero desde cierto punto aumenta porque el dominio del idioma “demasiado bueno” viola los límites intergrupales resaltaros entre los empleados nacionales del país anfitrión y los expatriados. Debido a sus roles clave en la categorización social, también examinamos si el alocentrismo de los empleados nacionales del país anfitrión y la evitación de la incertidumbre moderan la relación curvilínea propuesta. Los resultados recogidos de 1.166 empleados nacionales del país anfitrión en 956 filiales extranjeras en Japón apoyan la relación curvilínea principal y la relación curvilínea para la evitación de la incertidumbre. Por lo tanto, nuestro estudio sugiere que la categorizaron social del dominio del lenguaje de los expatriados es más compleja de lo que la investigación anterior en negocios internacionales había evocado. Contribuimos a la literatura al poner en duda la suposición generalizada que la adaptación de los expatriados al país anfitrión siembre tiene efectos beneficiosos. Nuestra investigación advierte particularmente contra la suposición común de que una mayor competencia en el idioma del país anfitrión conducirá automáticamente a mejores relaciones con los empleados nacionales del país anfitrión en las filiales extranjeras.

Resumo

Presume-se predominantemente que a proficiência no idioma do país anfitrião do expatriado tenha um efeito linear negativo na categorização social de expatriados como membros externos por funcionários nacionais do país anfitrião (HCN) em subsidiárias estrangeiras. Partindo dessa premissa, usamos a teoria da identidade social (SIT) e a sociolinguística baseada em SIT para hipotetizar que a proficiência no idioma do país anfitrião do expatriado, devido à ameaça de identidade, tenha um relacionamento curvilíneo em forma de U com a categorização do expatriado como externo por parte dos HCNs: no início, a categorização como externo diminui com o aumento da proficiência do expatriado no idioma, mas a partir de certo ponto ela aumenta porque uma proficiência no idioma “muito boa” viola os limites intergrupais entre HCNs e expatriados. Devido a seus papéis-chave na categorização social, também examinamos se o alocentrismo de HCNs e a evasão da incerteza moderam a relação curvilínea proposta. Resultados de dados coletados de 1.166 funcionários HCN em 956 subsidiárias estrangeiras no Japão fornecem suporte para a principal relação curvilínea e a relação moderadora curvilínea de evasão da incerteza. Assim, nosso estudo sugere que a relação entre a categorização social de expatriados com a proficiência na língua é mais complexa do que prévias pesquisas em negócios internacionais evocaram. Contribuímos com a literatura lançando dúvidas sobre a suposição amplamente aceita de que a adaptação de expatriados em relação ao país anfitrião sempre gera efeitos benéficos. Nossa pesquisa adverte particularmente contra a suposição comum de que uma maior proficiência no idioma do país anfitrião levará automaticamente a melhores relacionamentos com HCNs em subsidiárias estrangeiras.

摘要

外派人员的东道国语言能力被主导性地假定对外国子公司中的东道国国民(HCN)雇员作为外组成员的外派社会分类具有负面的线性的影响。不同于此假设, 我们使用社会认同理论(SIT)和基于SIT的社会语言学来假设, 由于身份威胁, 外派人员的东道国语言能力与HCN的外派外组分类具有U形曲线关系: 首先, 外组分类随着外派人员的语言能力的提高而降低, 但是从某个角度开始, 分类会增加, 因为“太好”的语言能力违反了HCN与外派人士之间明显的组群间的界限。由于它们在社会分类中的关键作用, 我们还研究了HCN分配主义和不确定性规避是否调节了所建议的曲线关系。从日本956家外国子公司的1,166名HCN员工收集的数据得出的结果为不确定性规避的主要曲线关系和调节曲线关系提供了支持。因此, 我们的研究表明, 语言能力与外派人员社会分类的关系比以前的国际商务研究所讨论的要复杂得多。我们通过对外派人员适应东道国总是会产生有益影响的普遍假设表示怀疑, 从而对文献做出了贡献。我们的研究特别提醒人们注意以下的普遍假设: 东道国语言水平的提高会自动导致与外国子公司中的HCN建立更好的关系。

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Acknowledgements

We thank Nina Reynolds, Mario Fernando, Wilhelm Barner-Rasmussen, Samuel Davies, Senior Editor, and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier versions of this paper.

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Appendix

Appendix

Multi-item Scales Used in Hypotheses Testing

Expatriate host country language proficiency (Takeuchi et al. 2002) (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

  1. 1.

    This expatriate is proficient in using Japanese in general

  2. 2.

    This expatriate is proficient writing in Japanese

  3. 3.

    This expatriate is proficient speaking Japanese

  4. 4.

    This expatriate is proficient reading and understanding Japanese

  5. 5.

    This expatriate is proficient listening to Japanese

HCN allocentricism (Wagner, 1995) (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

  1. 1.

    I prefer to work with others in a group rather than working alone

  2. 2.

    Working with a group is better than working alone

HCN uncertainty avoidance (Ang et al., 2003) (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

  1. 1.

    I prefer work that has detailed standard operating procedures spelled out

  2. 2.

    It is better to have job requirements and instructions spelled out in detail so that employees always know what they are expected to do

  3. 3.

    I prefer work that it highly structured

  4. 4.

    I prefer to work for supervisors who expect employees to closely follow instructions and procedures

  5. 5.

    Rules and regulations are important because they inform employees what the organization expects of them

HCNs’ expatriate outgroup categorization (Leonardelli & Toh, 2011) (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

  1. 1.

    I consider this expatriate as “one of them” and other Japanese employees in this organization to be “one of us”

  2. 2.

    This expatriate is more similar to other foreigners in the organization than s/he is similar to Japanese in this organization

  3. 3.

    I view the Japanese employees and expatriate employees in this organization as belonging to the same group (reverse coded)

  4. 4.

    I often see this expatriate as typical of people in his/her nationality

  5. 5.

    I am aware of our respective nationalities when I am in contact with this expatriate

  6. 6.

    I am aware of our respective cultures when I am in contact this expatriate

  7. 7.

    Overall, I feel that Japanese employees meet expatriates belonging to two different cultural groups

HCN–expatriate interaction frequency (McAllister, 1995) (1 = never, 7 = many times daily)

  1. 1.

    How frequently does this expatriate initiate work-related interactions with you?

  2. 2.

    How frequently do you initiate work-related interactions with this expatriate?

  3. 3.

    How frequently do you interact with this expatriate at work?

  4. 4.

    How frequently do you interact with this person informally or socially at work?

HCN power distance (Dorfman & Howell, 1988) (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)

  1. 1.

    Managers should make most decisions without consulting subordinates

  2. 2.

    It is frequently necessary for a manager to use authority and power when dealing with subordinates

  3. 3.

    Managers should seldom ask for the opinions of employees

  4. 4.

    Managers should avoid off-the-job social contacts with employees

  5. 5.

    Employees should not disagree with management decisions

  6. 6.

    Managers should not delegate important tasks to employees

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Peltokorpi, V., Pudelko, M. When more is not better: A curvilinear relationship between foreign language proficiency and social categorization. J Int Bus Stud 52, 78–104 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00316-y

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