Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Brand equity in a tourism destination

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Brand equity is a well-known concept within the marketing sciences. It refers to a product’s value from the return generated from a firm’s marketing strategy. The concept is not easy to apply to a destination as the destination ‘firm’ is a mix of various stakeholders including residents who offer their space to tourists without remuneration. In this article, the history of destination image studies is traced to its eventual evolution into destination branding. The concept of destination brand equity is then discussed as more than a simple return to a destination’s marketing strategy. The case is made that destination brand equity is integrally tied to sustainability. The article offers a model and corresponding equations to measure destination sustainability arguing that brand equity measurement is one and the same process. Owing to the unique characteristics of a destination the two concepts converge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaker, D.A. (1991) Managing Brand Equity. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, G., Dubourg, R., Hamilton, K., Munasinghe, M., Pearce, D. and Young, C. (1997) Measuring Sustainable Development: Macroeconomics and the Environment. Lyme, CT: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blain, C., Levy, S.E. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (2005) Destination branding: Insights and practices from destination branding organizations. Journal of Travel Research 43 (May): 328–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K. (1956) The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, L. (2002) Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (3): 720–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coshall, J. (2000) Measurement of tourists’ images: The repertory grid approach. Journal of Travel Research 39 (1): 85–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, J. (1979) An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research 17 (4): 18–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Livaic, Z., Edwards, D. and Kim, C. (2004) Attributes of destination competitiveness: A factor analysis. Tourism Analysis 9 (1–2): 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Echtner, C. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1993) The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research 31 (4): 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Embacher, J. and Buttle, F. (1989) A repertory grid analysis of Austria’s image as a summer destination. Journal of Travel Research 27 (3): 3–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.C. and Hunt, J.D. (1987) An analysis of state image change over a 12 year period (1971–1983). Journal of Travel Research 26 (2): 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.C. (1989) Tourism image: Attribute of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research 26 (2): 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.C. (1993) The image formation process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 2 (2–3): 191–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.C. and Konecnik-Ruzzier, M. (2011) Tourism destination brand equity dimensions: Renewal vs repeat markets. Journal of Travel Research 50 (5): 471–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W.C. and Shen, J. (1992) The impact of Tiananmen Square on China’s tourism image. Journal of Travel Research 30 (4): 47–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowdy, J. and O’Hara, S. (1995) Economic Theory for Environmentalists. Delray Beach, FL: St Lucie.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, J. (1978) A new approach to image analysis through multi-dimensional scaling. Journal of Travel Research 26 (2): 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnoth, J. (2002) Leveraging export brands through a tourism destination brand. Journal of Brand Management. Special Issue 9 (4–5): 262–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, C.A. (1972) Vactionscape: Designing Tourist Regions. Austin, TX: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J.D. (1975) Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research 13 (1): 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, M.J. (1997) Quality and pricing in tourism destinations. Annals of Tourism Research 24 (1): 117–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, K.L. (1993) Conceptualizing, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing 57: 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konecnik, M. (2004) Evaluating Slovenia’s image as a tourism destination: A self-analysis process towards building a destination brand. Journal of Brand Management 11 (4): 307–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konecknik, M. and Gartner, W.C. (2007) Customer-based brand equity for a destination. Annals of Tourism Research 34 (2): 400–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P. (1991) Principles of Marketing. 5th edn. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p. 442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, N. and Kirkpatrick, C. (eds.) (1997) Intergrating appraisal within the development process. In: Sustainable Development in a Developing World: Intergrating Socio-economic Appraisal and Environmental Assessment. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, G.S. and Fullerton, R.A. (1994) Brands, brand management, and the brand manager system: A critical-historical evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research 31 (2): 173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, E. (1973) Regional Images and Regional Travel Behavior. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Travel Research Association Conference, pp. 211–217. Salt Lake City, Utah: Travel Tourism Research Association.

  • Milman, A. and Pizam, A. (1995) The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination. Journal of Travel Research 33 (3): 21–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (eds.) (2002) Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S. (2012) Michigan tourism: An update, http://tourismplan.anr.msu.edu/docs/Michigan_Tourism.pdf, accessed spring 2013.

  • Oppermann, M. (2000) Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research 39 (3): 78–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, S. (2002) Destination image analysis-A review of 142 papers from 1973–2000. Tourism Management 23 (5): 541–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, J.R.B. and Ritchie, R.J.B. (1998) The Branding of Tourism Destinations: Past Achievements and Future Challenges. Proceedings of the 1998 Annual Congress of the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, Destination Marketing: Scopes and Limitations, P. Keller and M. Morocco (eds.), International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, Switzerland: St. Gallen, pp. 89–116.

  • Ritchie, J.R.B and Smith, B. (1991) The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: A longitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research 30 (1): 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Room, A. (1992) History of branding. In: J.M. Murphy (ed.) Branding: A Key Marketing Tool. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 13–21.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, C.J. and Sullivan, M.W. (1990) The Measurements and Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach, Working Paper, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, from Keller (1993).

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2013) http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/Migration/international-visitor-arrivals-jul-13.aspx, accessed spring 2013.

  • Tasci, A.D.A., Gartner, W.C. and Cavusgil, S.T. (2007) Measurement of destination brand bias using a quasi-experimental design. Tourism Management 28 (6): 1529–1540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiermair, K. and Fuchs, M. (1999) Measuring tourist judgment on service quality. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (4): 1004–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, B. and Donthu, N. (2001) Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Consumer-Based Brand Equity Scale. Journal of Business Research 52 (April): 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

1(PhD) is a Professor in the Applied Economics Department at the University of Minnesota . His research interests include branding, image, economic impact and tourism development. He has worked extensively in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and Africa and holds visiting Professor positions at three international universities. He is a Fellow and past President of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism and is currently serving as the Departmental Academic Advisor for the School of Hotel and Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gartner, W. Brand equity in a tourism destination. Place Brand Public Dipl 10, 108–116 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2014.6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2014.6

Keywords

Navigation