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Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy

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Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.

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Abbreviations

AdV:

Adenovirus

ALA:

δ-Aminolevulinic acid

BoHV:

Bovine herpes virus

BVDV:

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

Cox:

Coxsackie virus

DENV:

Dengue virus

EBV:

Epstein Barr virus

EIAV:

Equine infectious anemia virus

EMCV:

Encephalomyocarditis virus

FCV:

Feline calivirus

FHV:

Feline herpes virus

FVC:

Feline corona virus

HA:

Haemagglutinin

HAL:

Hexaaminolaevulinate

HAV:

Hepatitis A virus

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HMME:

Haematoporphyrin monomethyl ether

HPD:

Haematoporphyrin derivative

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IAV:

Influenza A virus

IFN:

Interferon

ISC:

Intersystem crossing

JEV:

Japanese encephalitis virus

MAL:

Methyl aminolevulinate

MIV:

Mosquito iridovirus

MNV:

Murine norovirus

NDV:

Newcastle disease virus

NIR:

Near infrared

NP:

Nanoparticle

NV:

Norovirus

SFV:

Semliki Forest virus

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

PACT:

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy

PCI:

Photochemical internalization

PDI:

Photodynamic inactivation

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PpIX:

Protoporphyrin IX

PS:

Photosensitizer

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RV:

Rhinovirus

SFV:

Semliki forest virus

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

UCNP:

Up-conversion nanoparticles

VEEV:

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

VSV:

Vesicular stomatitis virus

ZnPc:

(Phthalocyaninato)zinc(II)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany

    Arno Wiehe

  2. Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Arno Wiehe

  3. Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland

    Jessica M. O’Brien & Mathias O. Senge

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Wiehe, A., O’Brien, J.M. & Senge, M.O. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 2565–2612 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00211a

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