Abstract
Simple composite films consisting of a polymer blended with organic emitters have the potential for broad-band “white” light emission that can be used for general lighting applications. In the present work, a simple mixture of 3-hydroxyisoquinoline (HIQ) with Nile Red (NR) in a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used to generate white light through a non-radiative excitation energy transfer (NREET) mechanism. NREET between HIQ and NR doped in PVA films is investigated using a combination of steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic methods. It is observed that NR has very weak fluorescence in the PVA film upon excitation at 400 nm, but upon mixing NR with HIQ, sensitized emission of NR is observed with decreased emission of HIQ. The behavior of the sensitized emission of NR is consistent with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the donor HIQ and acceptor NR. By adjusting the relative fractions of HIQ and NR in the films, the extent of FRET could be regulated and the overall film emission color could be manipulated to enable overall “white” (CIE color coordinates 0.34, 0.38) emission. The films showed excellent photostability with 405 nm diode illumination, along with mechanical flexibility, suggesting good potential utility as a down converting element for lighting applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. C. Gather, A. Köhnen and K. Meerholz, Adv. Mater., 2010, 23, 233–248.
L. Xiao, Z. Chen, B. Qu, J. Luo, S. Kong, Q. Gong and J. Kido, Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, 926–952.
S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem and K. Leo, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2013, 85, 1245–1293.
Y. I. Park, O. Postupna, A. Zhugayevych, H. Shin, Y. S. Park, B. Kim, H. J. Yen, P. Cheruku, J. S. Martinez, J. W. Park, S. Tretiak and H. L. Wang, Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 789–797.
K. C. Tang, M. J. Chang, T. Y. Lin, H. A. Pan, T. C. Fang, K. Y. Chen, W. Y. Hung, Y. H. Hsu and P. T. Chou, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 17738–17745.
M. R. Molla and S. Ghosh, Chem.–Eur. J., 2012, 18, 1290–1294.
L. Xiong, W. Zhu, N. Wei, J. Li, W. Sun, X. Wu, J. Cao and Z. Wang, Org. Electron., 2013, 14, 32–37.
V. Singh and A. K. Mishra, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 11118.
C. Vijayakumar, V. K. Praveen and A. Ajayaghosh, Adv. Mater., 2009, 21, 2059–2063.
C. Giansante, G. Raffy, C. Schafer, H. Rahma, M. T. Kao, A. G. L. Olive and A. Del Guerzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 316–325.
S. Mukherjee and P. Thilagar, Dyes Pigm., 2014, 110, 2–27.
V. K. Praveen, C. Ranjith and N. Armaroli, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 365–368.
F. Laquai, Y. S. Park, J. J. Kim and T. Basché, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2009, 30, 1203–1231.
S. T. Bailey, G. E. Lokey, M. S. Hanes, J. D. M. Shearer, J. B. McLafferty, G. T. Beaumont, T. T. Baseler, J. M. Layhue, D. R. Broussard, Y.-Z. Zhang and B. P. Wittmershaus, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2007, 91, 67–75.
R. Bose, M. Gonzalez, P. Jenkins, R. Walters, J. Morseman, M. Moss, C. McLain, P. Linsert, A. Buchtemann, A. J. Chatten and K. W. J. Barnham, in Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2010 35th IEEE, 2010, pp. 000467–000470.
S. K. Sugunan, C. Greenwald, M. F. Paige and R. P. Steer, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, 117, 5419–5427.
T. Forster, Z. Naturforsch, 1949, 49, 321–327.
T. Forster, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1959, 27, 7–17.
D. A. Evans, G. F. Smith and M. A. Wahid, J. Chem. Soc. B, 1967, 590–595.
N. K. Joshi, P. Arora, S. Pant and H. C. Joshi, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2014, 13, 929–938.
A. Cser, K. Nagy and L. Biczok, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2002, 360, 473–478.
A. Y. Jee, S. Park, H. Kwon and M. Lee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2009, 477, 112–115.
Y. Lu, R. Porterfield, T. Thunder and M. F. Paige, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 2011, 78, 216–223.
W. E. Moerner and D. P. Fromm, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2003, 74, 3597–3619.
J. Rumin, H. Bonnefond, B. S. Jean, C. Rouxel, A. Sciandra, O. Bernard, J. P. Cadoret and G. Bougaran, Biotechnol. Biofuels, 2015, 8, 1–16.
Z. Yang, Y. He, J. H. Lee, W. S. Chae, W. X. Ren, J. H. Lee, C. Kang and J. S. Kim, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 11672–11675.
A. Datta, D. Mandal, S. K. Pal and K. Bhattacharyya, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101, 10221–10225.
A. Maciejewski and R. P. Steer, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1983, 100, 540–545.
G. A. Crosby and J. N. Demas, J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75, 991–1024.
F. L. Arbeloa, P. R. Ojeda and I. L. Arbeloa, J. Lumin., 1989, 44, 105–112.
S. N. Rempel, J. Fluoresc., 2006, 16, 483–485.
A. S. R. Koti, M. M. G. Krishna and N. Periasamy, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2001, 105, 1767–1771.
N. Kumar Joshi, R. Rautela, H. C. Joshi and S. Pant, J. Lumin., 2011, 131, 1550–1555.
K. Suyal, N. K. Joshi, R. Rautela, H. C. Joshi and S. Pant, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2010, 216, 51–58.
K. A. Al-hassan and T. Azumi, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1988, 145, 49–54.
K. A. Al-Hassan and T. Azumi, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 163, 129–134.
K. A. Al-Hassan and W. Rettig, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 126, 273–279.
M. Winnik and R. Loutfy, in Photophysical and Photochemical Tools in Polymer Science, Springer, Netherlands, 1986, pp. 429–448.
A. J. Tilley, M. J. Kim, M. Chen and K. P. Ghiggino, Polymer, 2013, 54, 2865–2872.
N. Sarkar, K. Das, D. N. Nath and K. Bhattacharyya, Langmuir, 1994, 10, 326–329.
T. A. Fayed and S. E.-D. H. Etaiw, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 2006, 65, 366–371.
Y. Marcus, J. Solution Chem., 1991, 20, 929–944.
J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2nd edn, 2006, p. 369.
http://scientificpolymer.com/technical-library/refractive-index-of-polymers-by-index/
S. K. Shevell, in The Science of Color, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam, 2nd edn, 2003, pp. 149–190.
A. S. Kuznetsov, A. Nikitin, V. K. Tikhomirov, M. V. Shestakov and V. V. Moshchalkov, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2013, 102, 161916.
T. Wang, V. Chirmanov, W. H. M. Chiu and P. V. Radovanovic, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 14520–14523.
U. Scherf and E. J. W. List, Adv. Mater., 2002, 14, 477–487.
S. Schmidbauer, A. Hohenleutner and B. Konig, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2013, 9, 2088–2096.
B. Araoz, A. Carattino, D. Tauber, C. von Borczyskowski and P. F. Aramendia, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2014, 118, 10309–10317.
J. Kochany and R. J. Maguire, Chemosphere, 1994, 28, 1097–1110.
I. Cozmuta, M. Blanco and W. A. Goddard, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111, 3151–3166.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00005c
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Joshi, N.K., Polgar, A.M., Steer, R.P. et al. White light generation using Förster resonance energy transfer between 3-hydroxyisoquinoline and Nile Red. Photochem Photobiol Sci 15, 609–617 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00005c
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00005c