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Isolation and characterization of PDT-resistant cancer cells

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Abstract

Even though the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating premalignant and malignant lesions has been demonstrated, resistant tumor cells to this therapy occasionally appear. Here, we describe the published methods to isolate resistant cancer cells to PDT and propose new procedures that may be used, as laboratory models allow a better understanding of resistance mechanisms. For this purpose, the treatment conditions, the photosensitizer (PS) or pro-drug, the cell line and the final selection–clonal of total population–must be taken into account. In general, high and repeated treatment doses are used. The resistant cell population characterization may include cell morphology, response to PDT, expression of death proteins or survival related genes and cell proliferation analysis. In addition, in vivo models such as the resistant cell transplantation to mice, allow evaluating tumorigenicity and aggressiveness, leading to the determination of the in vivo resistance. Summarizing, in order to improve clinical results, cellular models can help understand PDT-resistance mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

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Abbreviations

ALA:

δ-Aminolevulinic acid

ALDH1:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

BCC:

Basal cell carcinoma

BCRP:

Breast cancer resistant protein

BPD-MA:

Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A

CAM:

Cell adhesion molecule

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ERK:

Extracellular signal regulated kinases

HPPH:

2-(1-Hexyloxethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a

IAP:

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein

MAL:

Methyl δ-aminolevulinic acid

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MRP:

Multidrug resistant associated protein

NMSC:

Non-melanoma skin cancer

PHP:

Polyhematoporphyrin

P-gp:

P-glycoprotein

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PpIX:

Protoporphyrin IX

PS:

Photosensitizer

PII:

Photofrin II

PPC:

Zn(ii) pyridinium-substituted phthalocyanine

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Alicia Zamarrón, Silvia R. Lucena, Nerea Salazar & Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez

  2. Department of Dermatology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

    Pedro Jaén & Salvador González

  3. Department of Dermatology, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain

    Yolanda Gilaberte

  4. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

    Alicia Zamarrón, Silvia R. Lucena, Nerea Salazar, Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez, Pedro Jaén, Yolanda Gilaberte, Salvador González & Ángeles Juarranz

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  1. Alicia Zamarrón
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  2. Silvia R. Lucena
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Correspondence to Ángeles Juarranz.

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Zamarrón, A., Lucena, S.R., Salazar, N. et al. Isolation and characterization of PDT-resistant cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14, 1378–1389 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00448e

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