Single-crystal metallic nanowires and metal/semiconductor nanowire heterostructures

Abstract

Substantial effort has been placed on developing semiconducting carbon nanotubes^1,2,3 and nanowires⁴ as building blocks for electronic devices—such as field-effect transistors—that could replace conventional silicon transistors in hybrid electronics or lead to stand-alone nanosystems^4,5. Attaching electric contacts to individual devices is a first step towards integration, and this step has been addressed using lithographically defined metal electrodes^{1,2,3,4,6,7,8}. Yet, these metal contacts define a size scale that is much larger than the nanometre-scale building blocks, thus limiting many potential advantages. Here we report an integrated contact and interconnection solution that overcomes this size constraint through selective transformation of silicon nanowires into metallic nickel silicide (NiSi) nanowires. Electrical measurements show that the single crystal nickel silicide nanowires have ideal resistivities of about 10 µΩ cm and remarkably high failure-current densities, >10⁸ A cm^-2. In addition, we demonstrate the fabrication of nickel silicide/silicon (NiSi/Si) nanowire heterostructures with atomically sharp metal–semiconductor interfaces. We produce field-effect transistors based on those heterostructures in which the source–drain contacts are defined by the metallic NiSi nanowire regions. Our approach is fully compatible with conventional planar silicon electronics and extendable to the 10-nm scale using a crossed-nanowire architecture.