Abstract
Black holes of almost arbitrarily small mass may have formed in the very early Universe. Their presence today would be revealed by the energetic radiation they would produce by means of the quantum-gravitational Hawking mechanism, allowing observational limits to be set on their density today and on their past significance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Carr, B. J. in Observational and Theoretical Aspects of Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology (eds Sanz, J. L. & Goicoechea, L. J.) 1–78 (World Scientific, Singapore, 1985).
Hawking, S. W. Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 152, 75–78 (1971).
Hawking, S. W. et al. Phys. Rev. D26, 2681–2693 (1982).
Hawking, S. W. Phys. Lett. B231, 237–239 (1989).
Polnarev, A. & Zembowicz, R. CAMK preprint 194 (1988).
Hawking, S. W. Nature 248, 30–31 (1974).
Novikov, I. D. et al. Astr. Astrophys. 80, 104 (1979).
Zeldovich, Ya. B. & Starobinskii, A. A. Sov. Phys. JETP 24, 571 (1976).
Hall, S. J. & Hsu, S. Berkeley preprint LBL-27982 (1989).
Carr, B. J. Astr. J. 206, 8–25 (1976).
Page, D. N. & Hawking, S. W. Astrophys. J. 206, 1–7 (1976).
MacGibbon, J. H. & Carr, B. J. Astrophys. J. 371, 447–469 (1991).
MacGibbon, J. H. & Webber, B. R. Phys. Rev. D41, 3052–3079 (1990).
MacGibbon, J. H. Phys. Rev. (in the press).
Weekes, T. C. Phys. Rep. 160, 1–121 (1988).
Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M. & Chardin, G. Phys. Rep. 170, 325 (1988).
Protheroe, R. in Proc. 20th ICRC. Moscow, 1987, vol. 8 (ed. Kozyarivksy, V. A. et al.) (Nauka, Moscow, 1987).
Nagel, D. E., Gaisser, T. K. & Protheroe, R. J. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 38, 609–657 (1988).
Halzen, F., Protheroe, R. J., Stanev, T. & Vankov, H. P. Phys. Rev. D41, 342–346 (1990).
Halzen, F., Protheroe, R. J., Stanev, T. & Vankov, H. P. in Proc. 21st ICRC, Adelaide (ed. Protheroe, R. J.) (Adelaide University, 1990).
Page, D. N. Phys. Rev. D13, 198–206 (1976).
Page, D. N. Phys. Rev. D16, 2402–2411 (1977).
Elster, T. J. Phys. A16, 989–996 (1983).
Elster, T. Phys. Lett. A92, 205–209 (1983).
Simpkins, R. D. thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ. (1986).
Oliensis, J. & Hill, C. T. Phys. Lett. B143, 92–102 (1984).
Huang, K. & Weinberg, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 895–897 (1970).
Hagedorn, R. Nuovo Cim. LVIX, No. 4, 1027–1057 (1968).
MacGibbon, J. H. thesis, Univ. of Cambridge (1988).
Carr, B. J. Astrophys. J. 201, 1–19 (1975).
Hill, C. T., Schramm, D. V. & Walker, T. P. Phys. Rev. D36, 1007–1016 (1987).
Halzen, F., Stanev, T., Zas, E. & Gaisser, T. K. in Proc. 21st ICRC, Adelaide, vol. 9 (ed. Protheroe, R. J.) 142–145 (Adelaide University, 1990).
Trombka, T. I. et al. Astr. J. 212, 925 (1977).
Fichtel, C. E., Simpson, G. A. & Thompson, D. J. Astr. J. 222, 833 (1978).
Gibbs, K. J. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A264, 67–73 (1988).
Gaisser, T. K., Halzen, F., Long, W., Stanev, T. & Zas, E. Phys. Rev. D43, 314 (1990).
Sobel, H. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) A14, 125–142 (1990).
Heintze, J., Lennert, P., Polenz, S. et al. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) A14, 148–152 (1990).
Weeks, T. C. et al. Astrophys. J. 342, 379–395 (1989).
Akerlof, C. W. et al. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) A14, 237–243 (1990).
Sommers, P. & Elbert, J. in Proc. 19th ICRC, 1985, vol. 3, 457–460.
Porter, N. A. & Weekes, T. C. Mon. Not. R. astrr. Soc. 183, 205–210 (1978).
Akerlof, C. W. et al. in Proc. 21st ICRC, Adelaide, vol. 2 (ed. Protheroe, R. J.) 135–138 (Adelaide University, 1990).
Porter, N. A. & Weekes, T. C. Astrophys. J. 212, 224–226 (1977).
Porter, N. A. & Weekes, T. C. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 183, 205–210 (1978).
Porter, N. A. & Weekes, T. C. Nature 277, 199 (1979).
Nolan, K., Porter, N. A., Fegan, D. J., Chantell, M. & Weekes, T. C. Proc. 21st ICRC, Adelaide, vol. 2 (ed. Protheroe, R. J.) 150 (Adelaide University, 1990).
Fegan, D. J., McBreen, B., O'Brien, D. & O'Sullivan, C. Nature 271, 731–732 (1978).
Bhat, P. N. et al. Nature 284, 433–434 (1984).
Porter, N. A. & Weekes, T. C. Nature 267, 500–501 (1977).
O'Mongain, E. Nature 242, 136–137 (1973).
Huguenin, G. R. & Moore, E. L. Astrophys. J. 187, L57–L58 (1974).
Phinney, S. & Taylor, J. H. Nature 277, 117–118 (1979).
Rees, M. J. Nature 266, 333–334 (1977).
Jelley, J. V., Baird, G. A. & O'Mongain, E. Nature 267, 499–500 (1977).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Halzen, F., Zas, E., MacGibbon, J. et al. Gamma rays and energetic particles from primordial black holes. Nature 353, 807–815 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/353807a0
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/353807a0
- Springer Nature Limited
This article is cited by
-
Competitive effects between gravitational radiation and mass variation for two-body systems in circular orbits
General Relativity and Gravitation (2024)
-
Determining the spin of light primordial black holes with Hawking radiation
Journal of High Energy Physics (2022)
-
Gamma-ray bursts from evaporating primordial black holes
Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics (1998)