Abstract
The toxicity of ammonia and its effects on growth inhibition for the marine ciliate, Euplotes vannus, were measured in a conventional open system. Linear regression analysis showed that: the 2 hour median lethal concentration (LC50) was 7870.46 mg total ammonia-N l−1 (P<0.05; pH 8.2; salinity 28 ppt; temperature, 25 °C ); the threshold concentrations for growth inhibition was 100 mg total ammonia-N l−1 (P<0.05; pH 8.2; salinity 28 ppt; temperature, 25 °C); and the toxicity curve equation for 24 hours was y=113.48e−0.0005.4x (P<0.05, R=0.94; y = culture time; x = LC50), from which it is possible to predict LC50 values of a wide range of ammonia-N concentrations for almost any exposure time. The results demonstrate that the tolerance to ammonia in E. vannus is considerably higher than that of the larvae or juveniles of some metozoa, e.g. cultured prawns and oysters. In addition, the results also determine that ciliates, as bacterial predators, are likely to play a positive role in maintaining and improving water quality in aquatic environments with high-levels ammonium, such as intensive aquaculture ecosystems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arillo, A., D. Margiocco, F. Melodia, P. Mensi & G. Schenone, 1981. Ammonia toxicity mechanism in fish: studies on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 5: 316–328.
Bearden, A. P., G. D. Sinks & T. W. Schultz, 1999. Acclimation to sublethal exposures to a model nonpolar narcotic: population growth kinetics and membrane lipid alterations in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Aquatic Toxicology 46: 11–21.
Begum, S. J., 1987. Biochemical adaptive responses in glucose metabolism of fish (Tilapia mossambica) during ammonia toxicity. Current Science 56: 805–708.
Chen, J. M. & J. C. Chen, 2000. Study on the free amino acid levels in the hemolymph, gill, hepatopancreas andmuscle of Penaeus monodon exposed to elevated ambient ammonia. Aquatic Toxicology 50: 27–37.
Cheng, S. Y. & J. C. Chen, 1998. Effects of nitrite exposure on the hemolymph electrolyte, respiratory protein and free amino acid levels and water content of Penaeus japonicus. Aquatic Toxicology 44: 129–139.
Cheng, S. Y. & J. C. Chen, 2001. The time-course change of nitrogenous excretion in the Kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus following nitrite exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 51: 443–454.
Coppellotti, O., 1998. Sensitivity to copper in a ciliate as a possible component of biological monitoring in the Lagoon of Venice. Archives of Environmental Contamnation and Toxicology 35: 417–425.
Dive, D. & H. Leclerc, 1975. Standardized test method using protozoa for measuring water pollutant toxicity. Prog. Water Technol. 7: 67–72. (AUTHOR PLEASE SPELL OUT JOURNAL NAME)
Fernandez-Leborans, A., 2000. Protozoan species in three epibenthic areas of the Cantabrian Sea: relations with environmental factors. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80: 407–418.
Fuma, S., N. Ishii, H. Takeda, K. Miyamoto, K. Yanagisawa, Y. Ichimasa, M. Saito, Z. Kawabata & G. G. Polikarpov, 2003. Ecological effects of various toxic agents on the aquatic microcosm in comparison with acute ionizing radiation. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 67: 1–14.
Girling, A. E., D. Pascoe, C. R. Janssen, A. Peither, A. Wenzel, H. Schafer, B. Neumeier, G. C. Mitchell, E. J. Taylor, S. J. Maund, J. P. Lay, I. Juttner, N. O. Crossland, R. R. Stephenson & G. Persoone, 2000. Development of methods for evaluating toxicity to freshwater ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environemental Safety 45: 148–176.
Gray, J. S. & R. J. Ventilla, 1973. Growth rates of sediment living marine protozoa as a toxicity indicator for heavy metals. AMBIO 2: 118–121.
Herllung-Larsen, P., F. Assaad, S. Pankratova, B. L. Saietz & L. T. Skovgaard, 2000. Effects of pluronic F-68 on Tetrahymena cells: protection against chemical and physical stress and prolongation of survival under toxic conditions. Biotechnology 76: 185–195.
Jeney, G., J. Nemcsok, Z. S. Jenney & J. Olah, 1992. Acute effect of sublethal ammonia concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). II. Effects of ammonia on blood plasma transaminases (GOT, GPT), GIDH enzyme activity and ATP value. Aquaculture 104: 149–156.
Johansson, M., K. Rasanen & J. Merila, 2001. Comparison of nitrate tolerance between different populations of the common frog, Ranoa temporaria. Aquatic Toxicology 54: 1–14.
Jones, J. B., N. L Carmichael, C. M. Wathes, R. P. White & R. B. Jones, 2000. The effects of acute simultaneous exposure to ammonia on the detection of buried odourized food by pigs. Aquatic Toxicology 65: 315–319.
Legner, M., 1973. Experimental approach to the role of protozoa in aquatic ecosystems. Am. Zool. 13: 177–192. (AUTHOR SPELL OUT PLEASE)
Marttinen, S. K., R. H. Kettunen, K. M. Sormunen, & R. M. Soimasuo, 2002. Screening of physical-chemical methods for removal of organic material, nitrogen and toxicity from low strength landfill leachates. Chemosphere 46: 851–858.
Moreno-Garrido, I. & J. P. Canavate, 2001. Assessing chemical compounds for controlling predator ciliates in outdoor mass cultures of the green algae Dunaliella salina. Aquacultural Engineer 24: 107–114.
Rogerson, A., 1983. Determination and interpretation of hydrocarbon toxicity to ciliate protozoa. Aquatic Toxicology 3: 215–228.
Seward, J. R., G. D. Sinks & T. W. Schultz, 2001. Reproducibility of toxicity across mode of toxic action in the Tetrahymena population growth impairment assay. Aquatic Toxicology 53: 33–47.
Taylor, W. D., 1978. Maximum growth rate, size and commonness in a community of bactivorous ciliates. Oecologia (Berl) 36: 263–272.
Tomasso, J. R., C. A. Goudie, B. A. Simco & K. B. Davies, 1980. Effects of environmental pH and calcium on ammonia toxicity in channel catfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: 229–234.
Twitchen, I. D. & F. B. Eddy, 1994. Effects of ammonia on sodium balance in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Aquatic Toxicology 30: 27–45.
Vedel, N. E., B. Korsgaard, & F. B. Jensen, 1998. Isolated and combined exposure to ammonia and nitrite in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on electrolyte status, blood respiratory properties and brain glutamine/glutamate concentrations. Aquatic Toxicology 41: 325–342.
Wang, X. Y., D. H. Zhang, D. R. Ji and S. Q. Zhang, 1985. The toxic effect of ammonia on larvae and juveniles of oyster. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 4: 66–71 (in Chinese with English summary).
Wilson, R. W. & E. W. Taylor, 1992. Transbranchial ammonia gradients and acid-base responses to high external ammonia concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different salinities. Journal of Experimental Biology 166: 95–112.
Zhang, S. L., H. G. Ma & W. B. Song, 2001a. Experimental ecology studies on the marine ciliate Paranophrys magna I. The effects of different initial population densities and food conditions on the population growth. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica. 32: 25–31 (in Chinese with English summary).
Zhang, S. L., H. G. Ma & W. B. Song, 2001b. Experimental ecology studies on the marine ciliate Paranophrys magna III. The effects of pH on population growth. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology 7: 244–247 (in Chinese with English summary).
Zhang, S. L., H. G. Ma, H. L. Xu & W. B. Song, 2001c. On experimental ecology of the marine ciliate Paranophrys magna IV: effects of competition on population growth. Acta Ecologia Sinica 21: 2039–2044 (in Chinese with English summary).
Zhang, S. L. & W. B. Song, 2000. Experimental ecology studies on the marine ciliate Paranophrys magna II. The effects of temperature and salinity on the population growth. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology 6: 227–231 (in Chinese with English summary).
Zhou, G. Z., 1991. Toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to prawn larvae. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 2: 95–96 (in Chinese with English summary).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, H., Song, W. & Warren, A. An investigation of the tolerance to ammonia of the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Hydrobiologia 519, 189–195 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000026505.91684.ab
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000026505.91684.ab