Skip to main content
Log in

Investment and Finance when Liquidation is Costly

  • Published:
De Economist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper we investigate to what extent expected liquidation costs affect the dependence of a firm's investment decision on available finance. We hypothesise that comovement of firm and industry sales measures such costs, which create a premium on external finance and make investment more sensitive to the availability of internal funds. Supportive evidence for this conjecture is obtained from the investment behaviour of a sample of 206 large Dutch manufacturing firms observed during the period 1983-1996. We also demonstrate that our measure of expected liquidation costs has additional explanatory power over other proxies for the premium on external finance – like leverage, retention practice and firm size.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Abel, A.B. and J.C. Eberly (1994), 'A Unified Model of Investment Under Uncertainty,' American Economic Review, 84, pp. 1369–1384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arellano, M. and S.R. Bond (1991), 'Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations,' Review of Economic Studies, 58, pp. 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arellano, M. and S.R. Bond (1998), 'Dynamic Panel Data Estimation using DPD98 for Gauss: A Guide for Users,' Institute for Fiscal Studies Working Paper, 88/15.

  • Bond, S.R. and C. Meghir (1994), 'Dynamic Investment Models and the Firm's Financial Policy,' Review of Economic Studies, 61, pp. 197–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, S.R. and J. van Reenen (1999), Microeconometric Models of Investment and Employment, manuscript, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, R.E., S.M. Fazzari and B.C. Petersen (1994), 'Inventory Investment, Internal-Finance Fluctuations, and the Business Cycle,' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 75-122.

  • Chirinko, R.S. and H. Schaller (1995), 'Why Does Liquidity Matter in Investment Equations,' Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 27, pp. 527–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devereux, M. and F. Schiantarelli (1990), 'Investment, Financial Factors, and Cash Flow: Evidence from UK Panel Data,' in: R. G. Hubbard (ed.), Asymmetric Information, Corporate Finance and Investment, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 279–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, A.K. and R.S. Pindyck (1994), Investment Under Uncertainty, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ees, H. van, H. Garretsen, L. de Haan, and E. Sterken (1998), 'Investment and Debt Constraints: Evidence from Dutch Panel Data,' in: S. Brakman, H. van Ees and S. K. Kuipers (eds.), Market Behaviour and Macroeconomic Modelling, London, Macmillan Press, pp. 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ees, H. van, G.H. Kuper and E. Sterken (1997), 'Investment, Finance and the Business Cycle: Evidence from the Dutch Manufacturing Sector,' Cambridge Journal of Economics, 21, pp. 395–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elston, J.A. (1996), 'Dividend Policy and Investment: Theory and Evidence from US Panel Data,' Managerial and Decision Economics, 17, pp. 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elston, J.A. (1998), 'Investment, Liquidity Constraints, and Bank Relationships: Evidence from German Manufacturing Firms,' in: S.W. Black and M. Moersch (eds.), Competition and Convergence in Financial Markets: The German and Anglo-American Models; Advances in Finance, Investment and Banking, 5, Amsterdam, New York and Tokio, Elsevier Science, North-Holland, pp. 135–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, T. and T.M. Whited (2000), 'Measurement Error and the Relationship between Investment and Q,' Journal of Political Economy, 108, pp. 1027–1057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazzari, S.M., R.G. Hubbard and B.C. Petersen (1988), 'Financing Constraints and Corporate Investment,' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 141-195.

  • Fazzari, S.M., R.G. Hubbard and B.C. Petersen (2000), 'Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Are Useful: A Comment on Kaplan and Zingales,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125, pp. 695–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazzari, S.M. and B.C. Petersen (1993), 'Working Capital and Fixed Investment: New Evidence on Finance Constraints,' RAND Journal of Economics, 24, pp. 328–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galeotti, M., F. Schiantarelli and F. Jaramillo (1994), 'Investment Decisions and the Role of Debt, Liquid Assets and Cash Flow: Evidence from Italian Panel Data,' Applied Financial Economics, 4, pp. 121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, S. and C.P. Himmelberg (1995), 'Evidence on the Role of Cash Flow in Reduced-Form Investment Equations,' Journal of Monetary Economics, 36, pp. 541–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, S. and C.P. Himmelberg (1998), 'Investment, Fundamentals and Finance,' National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series, 6652.

  • Guiso, L. and G. Parigi (1999), 'Investment and Demand Uncertainty,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, pp. 185–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J.R., F. Schiantarelli and M.G. Siregar (1994), 'The Effect of Financial Liberalization on the Capital Structure and Investment Decisions of Indonesian Manufacturing Establishments,' World Bank Economic Review, 8, pp. 17–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. and F. Schiantarelli (1998), 'Investment and Capital Market Imperfections: A Switching Regression Approach using U.S. Firm Level Panel Data,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, pp. 466–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R.G. (1998), 'Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment,' Journal of Economic Literature, 36, pp. 198–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R.G. and A.K. Kashyap (1992), 'Internal Net Worth and the Investment Process: An Application to US Agriculture,' Journal of Political Economy, 100, pp. 506–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R.G., A.K. Kashyap and T.M. Whited (1995), 'Internal Finance and Firm Investment,' Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,' 27, pp. 683–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo, F., F. Schiantarelli and A. Weiss (1996), 'Capital Market Imperfections Before and After Financial Liberalization: An Euler Equation Approach to Panel Data for Equadorian Firms,' Journal of Development Economics, 51, pp. 367–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliner, S.D. and G.D. Rudebusch (1992), 'Sources of the Financing Hierarchy for Business Investment,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, pp. 643–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, H. (1993), 'Asymmetric Information, Liquidity Constraints, and the Canadian Investment,' Canadian Journal of Economics, 26, pp. 552–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiantarelli, F. (1996), 'Financial Constraints and Investment: Methodological Issues and International Evidence,' Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12, pp. 70–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiantarelli, F. and A. Sembenelli (2000), 'Form of Ownership and Financial Constraints: Panel Data Evidence from Flow of Funds and Investment Equations,' Empirica, 27, pp. 175–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A. and R. Vishny (1992), 'Liquidation Values and Debt Capacity: A Market Equilibrium Approach,' Journal of Finance, 47, pp. 1343–1366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shyam-Sunder, L. and S.C. Myers (1999), 'Testing Static Tradeoff against Pecking Order Models of Capital Structure,' Journal of Financial Economics, 51, pp. 219–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz, J.E. and A. Weiss (1981), 'Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,' American Economic Review, 71, pp. 393–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigand, J. and D.B. Audretsch (1999), 'Does Science Make a Difference? Investment, Finance and Corporate Governance in German Industries,' Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Working Paper, 2056.

  • Whited, T.M. (1992), 'Debt, Liquidity Constraints, and Corporate Investment: Evidence from Panel Data,' Journal of Finance, 47, pp. 1425–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, P.R. (1995), 'Investment, Cash Flow, and Sunk Costs,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 43, pp. 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bruinshoofd, A., Letterie, W. Investment and Finance when Liquidation is Costly. De Economist 152, 21–45 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ECOT.0000019526.85502.09

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ECOT.0000019526.85502.09

Navigation