Abstract
A sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in 4 soil profiles into the designated forms of water soluble + exchangeable, organically bound, carbonate and Mn oxides bound. Soil profiles were obtained from the Rural Development District 063, State of Hidalgo, which have been irrigated with wastewater coming out of the basin of Mexico. The total heavy metal contents range as follows: Cu, 8.9 to 86.5 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.86 to 5.07 mg kg-1 Pb, 18.1 to 131.7 mg kg-1 and Zn, 101 to 235.5 mg kg-1. The highest concentrations of total heavy metals were found in the surface layers at all soil profiles. Sequential chemical fractionation indicated that the four metals were predominantly associated with the organic fraction at most soil samples. The contents in all fractions of the four metals showed a decrease with depth which has been explained by the variations in the organic matter and CaCO3 contents in the different layers of soils. These soil properties were also the most important variables in the biological availability of the metals in these soils.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradford, G. R., Page, A. L., Lund, L. J. and Olmstead, W.: 1975, J. Environ. Qual. 4, 123.
Cajuste, L. J., Carrillo, G. R. and Cota G. E.: 1989, I Simposio Internal. Quím. Ambient. UNAM. México. 67.
Cajuste, L. J., Carrillo, G. R., Cota, G. E. and Laird, R. J.: 1991, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 57- 58, 763.
Cala, V., Alvarez, A. M., Vigil de la Villa, R. and Gasca, M.: 1992, Suelo y Planta. 2, 307.
Chao, T. T.: 1972, J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36, 764.
Chapman, H. D.: 1965, ‘Cation exchange capacity’, in Black, C. A. et al. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wis., pp. 891–901.
Day, P. R.: 1965, ‘Particle fraction and particle size analysis’, in Black, C. A. et al. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wis., pp. 545–567.
Elliott, H. A., Dempsey, B. A. and Maille, P. J.: 1990, J. Environ. Qual. 19, 330.
Emmerich, W. E., Lund, L. J., Page, A. L. and Chang, A. C.: 1982, J. Environ. Qual. 11, 178.
Flores, D. L., Hernández, S. G., Mejía, B. M., Alcalá, M. R. and Sánchez, B. S.: 1990, I Simposio Nal. Degradaci¿n del Suelo. México, 40.
Flores, D. L., Hernández, S. G., Alcalá, M. R. and Maples, V. M.: 1992, Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient. 8, 37.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 1994, World Reference Base for Soil Resources, Wageningen/Rome. p. 161.
García-Miragaya, J.: 1984, Soil Sci. 138, 147.
Gibson, M. J. and Farmer, J. G.: 1986, Environ. Pollut. 11, 117.
Graña, M. J., Barral, M. T., Guitián, F. E. and Guitián, F.: 1991, Suelo y Planta. 1, 467.
Gutiérrez, R. M.: 1982, Estudio del contenido de iones inorgánicos y sus interacciones en suelos y plantas de los distritos de riego 03 y 88. Fac. de Química. Tesis de Maestría. UNAM. México.
Gutiérrez, R. M., Siebe, Ch. and Sommer, I.: 1994, Environmental Aspects of Land Application of Wastewater from Mexico City Metropolitan Area: A Bibliographical Review and Analysis of Implications. 15th World Congress of Soil Sci. Acapulco, Mexico, 3a, 445.
Hernández, S. G., Flores, D. L., Guajardo, V. R., Maples, V.M., Sánchez, B. S., Solorio, M.G., Alcalá, M. R., Hernández, S. D., Méndez, G. T., Mejía, B. M. and Villarreal L. G.: 1989, Evaluaci¿n de suelos degradados en un ´ area delDistrito de Riego 063, Estado deHidalgo. Informe al CONACYT. México, p. 115.
Hernández, S. G., Flores, D. L., Maples, V. M., Solorio, M. G., Alcalá, M. R. and Hernández, S. D.: 1993, Actas del XII Congreso Latinoamericano de la Ciencia del Suelo. Salamanca, España, 1666.
Jackson, M. L.: 1957, Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. N.J.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H.: 1992, Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC. Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Fl.
Kheboian, C. and Baver, C. F.: 1987, Anal. Chem. 59, 1417.
Levy, D. B., Barbarick, K. A., Siemer, E. G. and Sommers, L. E.: 1992, J. Environ. Qual. 21, 185.
Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A.: 1978, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 421.
McLaren, R. G. and Crawford, D. V.: 1973, J. Soil Sci. 24, 172.
McLean, E. O.: 1982, ‘Soil pH and lime requirement’, in Page, A. L. et al. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wis., pp. 199–224.
Mejía, B. M., Sánchez, B. S., Hernández, S. G., Flores, D. L., Villarreal, L. G. and Guajardo, V. R.: 1990, Metales pesados en maíz y alfalfa y su correlaci¿n con los extractables en suelos del DDR 063, Hgo. I Simposio Nal. Degradaci¿n del Suelo. UNAM. México.
Miller, W. P. and McFee, W. W.: 1993, J. Environ. Qual. 12, 29.
Miller, W. P., McFee, W. W. and Kelly J. M.: 1983, J. Environ. Qual. 12, 579.
Rendell, P. S., Cameron, A. J. and Batley, G. E.: 1980, Environ. Sci. and Tech. 14, 314.
Richards, L. A. (ed.): 1954, Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agric. Handb. no. 60, USDA. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Saha, J. K., Mondal, A. K., Hazra, G. C. and Mandal, B.: 1991, Soil Sci. 151, 452.
Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos (SARH): 1976, General Plain of Irrigation District No. 03, Tula. Hidalgo State, Mexico.
Soon, Y. K. and Bates, T. E.: 1982, J. Soil Sci. 33, 477.
Sposito, G., Lund, L. J. and Chang, A. C.: 1982, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46, 260.
Steel, R. G. and Torrie, J. H.: 1980, Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, Inc., New York.
Stover, R. C., Sommers, L. E. and Silviera, D. J.: 1976, J. Water Pollut. Control. Fed. 48, 2165.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C. and Bisson, M.: 1979, Analytical Chem. 51, 844.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Flores, L., Blas, G., Hernández, G. et al. DISTRIBUTION AND SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM SOILS IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER FROM MEXICO CITY. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 98, 105–117 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026472611589
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026472611589