Abstract
In the rainfed lowlands, temporary loss of soil-water saturation during crop growth is a common factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield but its effects on phosphorus (P) availability are poorly understood. Rice plants were transplanted into pots containing soils that were either continuously flooded, maintained at field capacity or flooded and then dried to field capacity for 3 weeks during the vegetative stage. A black clay soil (Kandic Plinthaquult) and a sandy soil (Plinthustalf) from south-east Cambodia were compared with or without amendments by rice straw and P fertilizer.
Under continuously flooded conditions, the growth of rice was vigorous without straw addition and there was a strong response of rice growth to the addition of P fertilizer. The soil underwent reduction, which increased pH from 4.2 to 5.5 or 6.0, in the black clay or sandy soil, respectively. By contrast, a loss of soil-water saturation 3 weeks before panicle initiation (PI) markedly impaired the growth of rice. This was not through any effect of water stress, and the growth reductions were not as strong as with continued loss of soil-water saturation from transplanting to PI. Fluctuations in soil pH and Eh corresponded closely to changes in soil-water regimes. Growth reductions were attributed to reduced shoot P levels resulting from the decline in P availability during the loss of soil-water saturation. The addition of rice straw stimulated soil reduction and lessened changes in soil pH and Eh during the loss of soil-water saturation in both soils. Straw addition enhanced P uptake by the rice plants during loss of soil-water saturation, but its beneficial effects could not be attributed to the direct addition of P, N or K to the soils. Thus the application of rice straw may be effective in lessening the effects of temporary loss of soil-water saturation on rice growth in lowland rice soils by minimising the decline in P availability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Crosson P 1995 Natural resources and environmental consequences of rice production. In Fragile Lives in Fragile Ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, 13–17 February 1995. Ed. International Rice Research Institute. pp 83-100. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
De Datta S K, Albilay W P and Kalwar GN 1973 Water stress effects in flooded tropical rice. In Water Management in Philippine Irrigation Systems: Research and Operation. Ed. International Rice Research Institute. pp 19-36. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Fukai S, Piggin C and Cooper M 1997 Introduction. In Breeding Strategies for Rainfed Lowland Rice in Drought-Prone Environments. Eds. S Fukai S, M Cooper M and J Salisbury J. ACIAR Proceedings No. 77. Canberra ACT, Australia.
Gee G W and Bauder J W 1986 Particle-size analysis: Hydrometer method. In Methods of Soil Analysis: Physical and Mineralogical Methods (Part 1, 2nd edition). Ed. A Klute. pp 383-411. Am. Soc. Agron. Inc.; Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Hendershot W H, Lalande H and Duquette M 1993 Ion exchange and exchangeable cations. In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Ed. M R Carter. pp 167-176. Can. Soc. Soil Sci., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA.
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) 1997 IRRISTAT 4.0 Software for Windows (Biometrics Unit). International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Kirk G J D, Tien-Ren U and Chaudhury F A 1990 Phosphorus chemistry in relation to water regimes. In Phosphorus Requirements for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia and Oceania. Ed. International Rice Research Institute. pp 211-223. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Krairapanond A, Jugsujinda A and Patrick H Jr 1993 Phosphorus sorption characteristics in acid sulphate soils of Thailand: Effect of uncontrolled and controlled soil redox potential (Eh) and pH. Plant Soil 157, 227-237.
Lando R P and Mak S 1994 Rainfed lowland rice in Cambodia: A baseline survey. IRRI Research Paper No. 152. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Lilley J M and Fukai S 1994 Effect of timing and severity of water deficit on four diverse rice cultivars III. Phenological development, crop growth and grain yield. Field Crops Res. 37, 225-234.
Mackill D J, Coffman W R and Garrity D P 1996 Rainfed Lowland Rice Improvement. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines. 242 p.
Nelson D W and Sommer L E 1980 Total nitrogen analysis of soil and plant tissue. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63, 770-778.
Pandey S 1997 Rainfed lowland rice research: challenges and priorities for the 21st century. In Breeding Strategies for Rainfed Lowland Rice in Drought-Prone Environments. Eds. S Fukai, M Cooper and J Salisbury. ACIAR Proceedings No. 77. pp 1-12. Canberra ACT, Australia.
Patrick W H Jr and Reddy C N 1978 Chemical changes in rice soils. In Soil and Rice. Ed. International Rice Research Institute. pp 361-379. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Ponnamperuma F N 1978 Electrochemical changes in submerged soils and the growth of rice. In Soil and Rice. Ed. International Rice Research Institute. pp 421-441. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Ragland J, Boonpuckdee L and Kongpolprom W 1987 Fertilizer response in north-east Thailand, 2. Soil acidity phosphorus availability and water. Thai J. Soils Fert. 9, 122-130.
Rayment G E and Higginson F R 1992 Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 330 p.
Reuter D J, Edwards D G and Wilhelm N S 1997 Temperate and tropical crops. In Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. Eds. D J Reuter and J B Robinson (2nd edition). pp 81-284. CSIRO Publishing Australia.
Ross G J and Wang C 1993 Extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Si. In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Ed. M R. Carter. pp 239-246. Can. Soc. Soil Sci., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA.
Saleque M A, Abedin M J and Bhuiyan N I 1996 Effect of moisture and temperature regimes on available phosphorus in wetland rice soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 27(9&10), 2017-2023.
Technicon Industrial Systems 1977 Determination of nitrogen in BS digests. Technicon Industrial Method. pp 334-374 W/B. Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown New York.
Wade L J and Ladha J K 1995 The fate of organic matter and nutrients in lowland rice systems. In Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture. ACIAR Proceedings No. 56. pp 115-119. Canberra ACT, Australia.
White P F, Oberthur T and Pheav Sovuthy 1997a Soil and rice. In Rice Production in Cambodia. Ed. H J Nesbitt. International Rice Research Institute. pp 21-29. Los Banos, Philippines.
White P F, Oberthur T and Pheav Sovuthy 1997b The Soil Used for Rice Production in Cambodia: A manual for their identification and management. International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos, Philippines. 70 p.
Willett I R 1979 The effects of flooding for rice culture on soil chemical properties and subsequent maize growth. Plant Soil 52, 373-383.
Willett I R 1991 Phosphorus dynamics in acid soils that undergo alternate flooding and drying. In Rice Production on Acid Soils of the Tropics. Eds. P Deturck and F N Ponnamperuma. pp 43-49. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Willett I R 1995 Role of organic matter in controlling chemical properties and fertility of sandy soils used for lowland rice in north-east Thailand. In Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture. ACIAR Proceedings No. 56. pp 109-114. Canberra ACT, Australia.
Willett I R and Higgins M L 1978 Phosphate sorption by reduced and re-oxidised rice soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 16, 319-326.
Willett I R and Intrawech A 1988 Preliminary studies of chemical dynamics of sandy paddy soils of Tung Kula Ronghai northeast Thailand. Divisional Rep. No. 95. CSIRO Division of Soils. Melbourne, Australia.
Willett I R, Muirhead W A and Higgins M L 1978 The effects of rice growing on soil phosphorus immobilisation. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. Anim. Husb. 18, 270-275.
Wonprasaid S, Khunthasuvon S, Sittisuang P and Fukai S 1996 Performance of contrasting rice cultivars selected for rainfed lowland conditions in relation to soil fertility and water availability. Field Crops Res. 47, 267-275.
Woperies M C S, Kropff M J, Maligaya A R and Tuong T P 1996 Drought-stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil-water status. Field Crops Res. 46, 21-39.
Zarcinas B A, Carwright B and Spouncer L R 1987 Nitric acid digestion and multi-element analysis of plant material by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18, 131-146.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Seng, V., Bell, R., Willett, I. et al. Phosphorus nutrition of rice in relation to flooding and temporary loss of soil-water saturation in two lowland soils of Cambodia. Plant Soil 207, 121–132 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026452029146
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026452029146