Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fuel Cells: State-of-the-Art and Major Scientific and Engineering Problems

  • Published:
Russian Journal of Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Basic results of research and engineering-technical work on fuel cells (mostly membrane and methanol systems), obtained mainly in the last decade, are reviewed, with attention focused on the electrocatalytic aspect. Many works on the engineering, construction, and production of fuel cells and on the mass transfer remain outside this review, as do intrinsically theoretical works on electrocatalysis. Questions of technical and economic adaptation of these to various applications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ostwald, W., Zeitschr. Elektrochem., 1894, vol. 1, p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baur, E. and Tobler, J., Z. Elektrochem., 1933, vol. 39, p. 168.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Spiridonov, P., Nauka Zhizn, 1941, no. 6, p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Davtyan, O.K., Problema neposredstvennogo prevrashcheniya khimicheskoi energii topliva v elektricheskuyu (Direct Conversion of Chemical Energy of Fuel into Electric Energy), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bacon, F.T., Ind. Engnsg. Chem., 1960, vol. 52, p. 301.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Yusti, E. and Vinzel', A., Toplivnye elementy (Fuel Cells), Moscow: Mir, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vielstich, W., Brenstoffelementen, Weinheim: Chemie, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Liebhafsky, H.A. and Cairns, E.J., Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Batteries, New York: Wiley, 1968, p. 370.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Korovin, N.V., Elektrokhimicheskie generatory (Electrochemical Generators), Moscow: Energiya, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bagotzky, V.S. and Skundin, A.M., Khimicheskie istochniki toka (Chemical Power Sources), Moscow: Energiya, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Acres, G.J.K., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 100, p. 60.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Perry, M.L. and Fuller, T.F., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  13. McNicol, B.D., Rand, D.A.J., and Williams, K.R., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 100, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cacciola, G., Antonucci, V., and Freni, S., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 100, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dhar, H.P., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, vol. 357, p. 237.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Costamagna, P. and Srinivasan, S., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 102, pp. 242, 253.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gamburzev, S., Appelby, A.J., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 107, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Raistrick, J.D., US Patent 4876115, 1989.

  19. Peled, E., Duvdevani, T., Aharon, A., and Melman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2000, vol. 3, p. 525.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Susai, T., Kaneko, M., Nakato, K., Isono, T., Hamada, A., and Miyake, Y., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2001, vol. 26, p. 631.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Swider, K.E. and Rolison, D.R., J. Electrochem Soc., 1996, vol. 143, p. 813.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Starz, K.A., Auer, E., Lehman, Th., and Zuber, R., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 84, p. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Thompson, S.D., Jordan, L.R., and Fosyth, M., Electrochim. Acta, 2001, vol. 46, p. 1657.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Escudero, M.J., Hontanon, E., Schwartz, E., Boutonnet, M., and Daza, L., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, p. 206.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jun, M. and Ikuo, A., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 286.

  26. Wilson, M.S. and Gottesfeld, S., J. Appl. Electrochem., 1992, vol. 22, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Divisek, J., Peinecke, V., Schmidt, V.M., and Stimming, U., Electrochim. Acta, 1998, vol. 43, p. 3811.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Barz, D.P.J. and Schmidt, V.M., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, vol. 3, p. 330.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Carrette, L.P.L., Huber, F.M., and Stimming, U., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2002, vol. 3, p. 320.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Watanabe, M., Uchida, M., and Motoo, S., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1987, vol. 229, p. 395.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Schmidt, V.M., Bröckerhoff, P., Höhlein, B., Menzer, R., and Stimming, U., J. Power Sources, 1994, vol. 49, p. 299.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schmidt, T.J., Gasteiger, H.A., and Behm, R.J., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1999, vol. 146, p. 1296.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Burke, L.D., Horgan, M.A., Hurlay, L.M., Nagle, L.C., and O'Mullane, A.P., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 729.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zheng, M.-S., Sun, S-G., and Chen, S-P., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 749.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Giorgi, L., Pozio, A., Brachini, C., Giorgi, R., and Turtu, S., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 325.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ioroi, T., Yasuda, K., and Miyazaki, Y., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2002, vol. 4, p. 2337.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Acres, G.J.K., Frost, J.C., Hards, G., Potter, R.J., Ralph, T.R., Tompsett, D., Burstein, G.T., and Hutchings, G.J., Catal. Today, 1997, vol. 38, p. 393.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yu, H., Hou, Zh., Yi, B., and Lin, Zh., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 105, p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ralph, T.R., Hards, G.A., Keating, J.E., Campbell, S.A., Wilkinson, D.P., Davis, M., St-Pierre, J., and Johnson, M.C., J. Electrochem Soc., 1997, vol. 144, p. 3855.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Susai, T., Kawakami, A., Hamada, A., Miyake, Y., and Azegami, Y., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 92, p. 131.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lee, H.I., Lee, C.H., Oh, T.Y., Choi, S.G., Park, I.W., and Baek, K.K., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 107, p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bar-On, I., Kirchain, R., and Roth, R., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 109, p. 71.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Schmidt, H., Buchner, P., Datz, A., Dennerlein, K., Lang, S., and Waidhas, M., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 105, p. 243.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Frumkin, A.N. and Podlovchenko, B.I., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1963, vol. 150, p. 349.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Brummer, S.F. and Makrides, A.C., J. Phys. Chem., 1964, vol. 68, p. 1448.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Petry, O.A., Podlovchenko, B.I., Frumkin, A.N., and Hira Lal, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1965, vol. 10, p. 253.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Khazova, O.A., Vassiliev, Yu.B., and Bagotzky, V.S., Elektrokhim., 1966, vol. 2, p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bagotzky, V.S., Vassiliev, Yu.B., and Khazova, O.A., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1977, vol. 81, p. 229.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Parsons, R. and Van der Noot, T., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1988, vol. 257, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Iwasita, T. and Vielstich, W., Advances in Electrochemical Science and Technology, Gerischer, H. and Tobias, Ch.W., Eds., Weinheim: VCH, 1990, vol. 1, p. 127.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Clavilier, J., Lamy, C., and Léger, J.M., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1981, vol. 125, p. 249.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kauranen, P.S., Skou, E., and Munk, J., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1996, vol. 404, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Léger, J.-M., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 767.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Bockris, J.O'M. and Wroblova, H., J. Elecroanal. Chem, 1964, vol. 7, p. 428.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Petrii, O.A., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1965, vol. 160, p. 871; Entina, V.S. and Petrii, O.A., Elektrokhim., 1968, vol. 4, p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Waszczuk, P., Wieckowski, A., Zelenay, P., Gottesfeld, S., Coutanecau, C., Léger, J.M., and Lamy, C., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 511, p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Brancovic, S.R., McBreen, J., and AdžIć, R.R., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 503, p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Arico, A.S., Creti, P., Kim, H., Mantegna, R., Giordano, N., and Antonicci, V., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, vol. 143, p. 3950.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Watanabe, M., Uchida, H., and Yajima, T., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 267.

  60. Chu, D. and Gilman, S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, vol. 143, p. 1685.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Gasteiger, H.A., Markovic, N., Ross, Ph.N., and Cairns, E.J., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1994, vol. 141, p. 1795.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Yeager, E., Abstracts of Papers, 119th Meet. Electrochem. Soc., Indianopolis, 1961, p. 4.

  63. Grimes, P.G., Fiedler, B., and Adam, J., Abstracts of Papers, 15th Power Sources Conf., Atlantic City, 1961, p. 12.

  64. Dohle, H., Divisek, J., Mergel, J., Oetjen, H.F., Zingler, C., and Stolten, D., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 105, p. 172.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Heinzel, A. and Barraban, V.M., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 84, p. 70.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zhigang, Qi. and Kaufman, A., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 110, p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Scott, K., Taama, W.M., Argyropoulos, P., and Sandmacher, K., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 83, p. 204.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gamburzev, S., Petrov, K., and Appleby, A.J., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2003 (in press).

  69. Kordesh, K., Gsellmann, J., Cifrain, M., Voss, S., Hacker, V., Aronson, R.R., Fabjan, C., Heize, T., and Daniel-Ivad, J., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 80, p. 190.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rowshanzamir, S. and Kazemeini, M., J. Power Sources, 2000, vol. 88, p. 262.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Agel, E., Bouet, J., and Fauvarque, J.F., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 101, p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Xing, B. and Savadogo, O., Electrochem. Commun., 2000, vol. 2, p. 697.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kasahara, K., Morioka, N., Yoshida, H., and Shingai, H., J. Power Sources, 2000, vol. 86, p. 298.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Yang, P.C., Park, Y.S., Seo, S.H., Lee, H.J., and Noh, J.S., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, p. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kinoshita, K., Electrochemical Oxygen Technology, New York: Wiley, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Song, R.-H., Dheenadayalan, S., and Shin, D.-R., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, p. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Neergat, M. and Shukla, A.K., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 102, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kunz, H.R., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1987, vol. 134, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Eichenberger, P., J. Power Sources, 1998, vol. 71, p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Fukui, T., Ohara, S., Murata, K., Yoshida, H., Miura, K., and Inagaki, T., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, pp. 136, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Libby, B., Smyrl, W.H., and Cussler, E.L., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A197.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Vichi, F.M., Colomer, M.T., and Anderson, M.A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1999, vol. 2, p. 313.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Peled, E., Duvdevani, T., and Melman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1998, vol. 1, p. 210.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Peled, E., Duvdevani, T., Aharon, A., and Melman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2000, vol. 3, p. 525.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Roth, Ch., Martz, M., and Fuess, H., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, vol. 3, p. 315.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hoster, H., Iwasita, T., Baumgartner, H., and Vielstich, W., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, vol. 3, p. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Aricò, A.S., Monforte, G., Modca, E., Antonucci, P.L., and Antonucci, V., Electrochem. Commun., 2000, vol. 2, p. 466.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Camara, G.A., Ticianelli, E.A., Mukerjee, S., Lee, S.J., and McBreen, J., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 748.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Schmidt, T.J., Gasteiger, H.A., and Behm., R.J., Electrochem. Commun., 1999, vol. 1, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Steigerwalt, E.S., Deluga, G.A., Cliffel, D.E., and Lukehart, C.M., J. Phys. Chem. D, 2001, vol. 105, p. 8097.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Zheng, M.-S., Sun, S.-G., and Chen, S.-P., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 749.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Löffler, M.-S., Gross, B., Natter, H., Hempelmann, R., Krajewski, Th., and Divisek, J., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, vol. 3, p. 333.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Witham, C.K., Chun, W., Valdez, T.I., and Narayanan, S.R., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2000, vol. 3, p. 497.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Haug, A.T., White, R.E., Weidner, J.W., Huang, W., Shi, S., Stoner, T., and Rana, N., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 280.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Haug, A.T., White, R.E., Weidner, J.W., Huang, W., Shi, S., Rana, N., Grunow, S., Stoner, T., and Kaloyeros, A.E., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 868.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Goetz, M. and Wendt, H., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 811.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Casto Luna, A.M., Camara, G.A., Paganin, V.A., Ticianelli, E.A., and Gonzalez, E.R., Electrochem. Commun., 2000, vol. 2, p. 222.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Easton, E.B., Qi, Zh., Kaufman, A., and Pickup, P.G., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A59.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Okada, T., Toda, T., and Hirose, T., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 296.

  100. Goetz, M. and Wendt, H., Electrochim. Acta, 1998, vol. 43, p. 3637.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Alonso-Vante, N., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 267.

  102. Kaiser, J., Jusys, Z., Behm, R.J., and Mörtel, R., Bonnemann, Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 305.

  103. Mukerjee, S., Lee, S.J., Ticianelli, T., McBreen, J., Grgur, B.N., Markovic, M., Ross, P.M., Gialombardo, J.R., and De Castro, E.S., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1999, vol. 2, p. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Mukerjee, S. and Uran, R.C., Electorchim. Acta, 2002, vol. 47, p. 3219.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Mukerjee, S., Hodgkinson, A., Hoogers, G., Manguet, S., Thompsett, D., and Womg, B., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2002, vol. 5, p. A31.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Igarashi, H., Fujino, T., Zhu, Y., Uchida, H., and Watanabe, M., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, vol. 3, p. 306.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Zhu, Y. and Cabrera, C.R., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A45.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Franco, E.G., Neto, A.O., Raimundo, C.P., Aricò, E., and Linardi, M., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 293.

  109. Hobbs, B.S. and Tseung, A.C.C., Nature (London), 1969, vol. 222, p. 556.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Chen, K.Y., Sun, Z., and Tseung, A.C.C., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2000, vol. 3, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Roth, C., Goets, M., and Fuess, H., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 793.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Shim, J., Lee, Ch.-R., Lee, H.-K., Lee, J.-S., and Cairns, E., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 102, p. 72.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Ioroi, T., Fujiwara, N., Siroma, Z., Yasuda, K., and Miyazaki, Y., Electrochem. Commun., 2002, vol. 4, p. 442.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Fachini, E.R., and Cabrera, C.R., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1999, vol. 2, p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Li, W.S., Tian, L.P., Huang, Q.M., Li, H., Chen, H.Y., and Lian, X.P., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 104, p. 281.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lasch, K., Jörissen, L., and Garche, J., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 84, p. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jusis, Z., Schmidt, T.J., Dubau, L., Lash, K., Jörissen, L., Garche, J., and Behn, R.J., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 105, p. 195.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kulesza, P.J., Grzybowska, B., Malik, M.A., Chojak, M., and Miecznikowski, K., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 512, p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Mikhaylova, A.A., Molodkina, E.B., Khazova, O.A., and Bagotzky, V.S., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 509, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Castro Luna, A.M., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2000, vol. 30, p. 1137.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Antoine, O. and Durand, R., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A55.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Podlovchenko, B.I. and Andreev, V.N., Usp. Khim., 2002, vol. 71, p. 950.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Bouzek, K., Mangold, K.-M., and Juettner, K., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 501.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Maksimov, Yu.M., Podlovchenko, B.I., and Azarchenko, T.L., Electrochim. Acta, 1998, vol. 43, p. 1053.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Lima, A., Coutanaceau, C., Leger, J.-M., and Lamy, C., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 379.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Kulesza, P.J., Matczak, M., Wolkiewicz, A., Grzybowska, B., Galkowski, M., Malik, M.A., and Wieckowski, A., Electrochim. Acta, 1999, vol. 44, p. 2131.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Rohland, B. and Plzak, V., J. Power Sources, 1999, vol. 84, p. 183.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Schmidt, T.J., Jusys, Z., Gasteiger, H.A., Behm., R.J., Endrushat, U., and Boennemann, H., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 501, p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Shobba, T., Mayanna, S.M., and Sequeira, C.A.C., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 108, p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  130. McIntyre, D.R., Burstein, G.T., and Vossen, A., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 107, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Burstein, G.T., McIntyre, D.R., and Vossen, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2002, vol. 5, p. A80.

    Google Scholar 

  132. de Bruijn, F.A., Papageorgopolus, D.C., Sitters, E.F., and Janssen, G.J.M., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 110, p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Uribe, F.A., Gottesfeld, S., and Zawodzinski, T.A., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 293.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Lamy, C., Belgsir, E.M., and Leger, J.-M., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 799.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Lamy, C., Lima, A., LeRhun, V., Delime, F., Coutanceau, C., and Leger, M., J. Power Sources, 2001, vol. 105, p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Arico, A.S., Creti, P., and Antonucci, P.L., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 1998, vol. 1, p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Neto, A.O., Giz, M.J., Perez, J., Ticianelli, E.A., and Gonzalez, E.R., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002, vol. 149, p. 272.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Kim, J.-W. and Park, S.-M., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1999, p. 1075.

  139. Peled, E., Duvdevani, T., Aharon, A., and Melman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A38.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Peled, E., Livshits, V., and Duvdevani, T., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, p. 245.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Zhigang, Qi., Hollett, M., Attia, A., and Kaufman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2003, vol. 5, p. A129.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Zhigang, Qi. and Kaufman, A., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 110, p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Savadogo, O. and Rodriguez Varela, F.J., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 264.

  144. Bagotskii, V.S., Tarasevich, M.R., Levina, O.A., Radyushkina, K.A., and Andruseva, S.I., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1977, vol. 134, p. 889.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hoore, J., The Electrochemistry of Oxygen, New York: Wiley, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Bagotzky, V.S., Nekrasov, L.N., and Shumilova, N.A., Usp. Khim., 1965, vol. 34, p. 1697.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Appleby, A.J. and Foulkes, F.R., Fuel Cell Handbook, Malabar (Fla): Krieger, 1993, vol. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Mukerjee, S. and Srinivasan, S., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993, vol. 357, p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Swette, L.L., LaConti, F.B., and McCatty, S.A., J. Power Sources, 1994, vol. 47, p. 343.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Neergat, M., Shukla, A.K., and Gandhi, K.S., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 373.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Mukerjee, S., Srinivasan, S., Soriaga, M.P., and McBreen, J., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995, vol. 142, p. 1409.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Drillet, J.-F., Ee, A., Fredemann, J., Kotz, J., Schnyder, B., and Schmidt, V.M., Electrochim. Acta, 2002, vol. 47, p. 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Jia, N., Martin, R.D., Zhigang, Qi., Lefevbre, M.C., and Pickup, O.G., Electrochim. Acta, 2001, vol. 46, p. 2863.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Antoine, O. and Durand, R., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2000, vol. 30, p. 839.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Coutanceau, C., Croissant, M.J., Napporn, T., and Lamy, C., Electrochim. Acta, 2000, vol. 46, p. 579.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Giacomini, M.T., Ticianelli, E.A., McBreen, J., and Balasubramanian, M., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2001, vol. 148, p. 323.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Ralph, T.R. and Hogarth, M.P., Platinum Met. Rev., 2002, vol. 46, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Zhigang, Qi., He, Ch., and Kaufman, A., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2001, vol. 4, p. A204.

    Google Scholar 

  159. El-Deab, M.S. and Osaka, T., Electrochem. Commun., 2002, vol. 4, p. 288.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Matsumoto, F., Usugi, Sh., Koura, N., Okajima, T., and Ohsaka, T., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001, vol. 505, p. 150.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Alonso-Vante, N. and Tributsch, H., Nature (London), 1986, vol. 323, p. 431.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Tributsch, H., Bron, M., Hilgendorff, M., Schulenburg, H., Dorbandt, I., Eyert, V., Bogdanoff, P., and Fiechter, F., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 739.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Alonso-Vante, N., Cattarin, S., and Musiani, M., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2000, vol. 481, p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Zhutaeva, G.V., Radyushkina, K.A., and Tarasevich, M.R., Elektrokhim., 1998, vol. 34, p. 1336.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Tyurin, V.S., Bogatyreva, G.P., Zhutaeva, G.V., Korovin, N.V., Marinich, M.A., Radyushkina, K.A., Tarasevich, M.R., and Yuskov, A.Yu., Elektrokhim., 2001, vol. 37, p. 1250.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Convert, P., Coutanceau, C., Crouïgneau, P., Gloaguen, F., and Lamy, C., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2001, vol. 31, p. 945.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Sari, S. and Kadirgan, F., Abstracts of Papers, 53rd ISE Meet., Düsseldorf, 2002, p. 291.

  168. Lamy, C., Leger, J.-M., and Srinivasan, S., Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Bockris, J.O'M. and Conway, B.E., Eds., New York: Plenum, vol. 34, p. 53.

  169. Psoma, A. and Sattler, G., J. Power Sources, 2002, vol. 106, p. 381.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Cameron, D.S., Platinum Met. Rev., 2001, vol. 45, p. 145.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119071, Russia

    V. S. Bagotzky & N. V. Osetrova

Authors
  1. V. S. Bagotzky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. V. Osetrova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. M. Skundin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bagotzky, V.S., Osetrova, N.V. & Skundin, A.M. Fuel Cells: State-of-the-Art and Major Scientific and Engineering Problems. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 39, 919–934 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025719619261

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025719619261

Keywords

Search

Navigation