Abstract
Hormone receptors play a major role in growth and hormonal therapy of breast and prostate tumors. Quantitative results from the ligand binding assays cannot determine heterogeneity in receptor expression nor can they discriminate between expression of the stromal and the tumor cells. Availability of antibodies to hormone receptors has led to the development of immunohistochemistry as a standard method for monitoring of hormone receptor expression under a microscope. However, this method is based on examination of a small number of cells. Laser flow cytometry has been extensively used for monitoring of receptor expression in human liquid tumors. As most of the hormone receptor expression is nuclear, we have developed methods for flow cytometric analysis of receptor expression in nuclei isolated from enzyme treated paraffin sections. The present report based on gated analysis of androgen receptor expression in nuclei isolated from archival formalin fixed/paraffin embedded breast tumors shows that receptor expression in aneuploid sub-populations is greater than that of the diploid cells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adiga SK, Andritsch I, Rao RV, Krishan A (2002). Androgen receptor expression and DNA content of paraffin embedded archival human prostate tumors. Clinical Cytometry 50: 25-30.
Allred DC, Bustamante MA, Daniel CO, Gaskill HV, Cruz AB Jr. (1990). Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors in human breast carcinomas. Evaluation of 130 cases and a review of the literature regarding concordance with the biochemical assay and clinical relevance. Arch Surg 125: 107-134.
Benson RCJ, Gorman PA, O'Brien PC, Holicky EL, Veneziale CM (1987). Relationship between androgen receptor binding activity in human prostate cancer and clinical response to endocrine therapy. Cancer (Phila.) 59: 1599-1606.
Brolin J, Skoog L, Ekman P (1992). Immunohistochemistry and biochemistry in detection of androgen, progesterone, and estrogen receptors in benign and malignant human prostatic tissue. Prostate 20: 281-295.
Gatalica Z (1997). Immunohistochemical analysis of apocrine breast lesions. Consistent over-expression of androgen receptor accompanied by the loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors in apocrine metaplasia and apocrine carcinoma in situ. Pathol Res Pract 193(11-12): 753-758
Isola JJ (1993). Immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its relationship to other prognostic factors. J Pathol 170(1): 31-35.
Krishan A, Oppenheimer A, You W, Dubbin R, Sharma D, Lokeshwar BL (2000). Flow cytometric analysis of androgen receptor expression in human prostate tumors and benign tissues. Clin Cancer Res 6: 1922-1930.
Long, RJ, Roberts KP, Wilson MJ, Ercole CJ, Pryor JL (1997). Prostate cancer: a clinical and basic science review. J Androl 18: 15-20.
Pichon MF, Broet P, Magdelenat J, Delarue JC, Spyratos F, Basuyau JP, Saez S, Rallet A, Courriere P, Millon R, Asselain B (1996). Prognostic value of steroid receptors after long-term follow-up of 2257 operable breast cancers. Br J Cancer 73: 1545-1551.
Prins GS, Sklarew RJ, Pertschuk LP (1998). Image analysis of androgen receptor immunostaining in prostate cancer accurately predicts response to hormonal therapy. J Urol 159: 641-649.
Redkar AA, Krishan A (1999). Flow cytometric analysis of estrogen, progesterone receptor expression and DNA content in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded human breast tumors. Cytometry 38: 61-69.
Sadi MV, Barrack ER (1991). Androgen receptor and growth fraction in metastatic prostatic cancer as predictors of time to tumor progression after hormonal therapy. Cancer Surv 11: 195-215.
Sweat SD, Pacelli A, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Bostwick DG (1999). Androgen receptor expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. J Urol 161: 1229-1232.
Tilley WD, Lim-Tio SS, Horsfall DJ, Aspinall JO, Marshall VR, Skinner JM (1994). Detection of discrete androgen receptor epitopes in prostate cancer by immunostaining: measurement by color video image analysis. Cancer Res 54: 4096-4102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arya, P., Andritsch, I.H. & Krishan, A. Androgen receptor expression in archival human breast tumors. Methods Cell Sci 24, 61–64 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024137729835
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024137729835