Abstract
Doppler flow probes were fitted around the ventral aorta of rainbow trout, which were exposed to combinations of pH and aluminum (pH 5.1–6.2, Al 0–80 μg l−1) for 60 h. Fish accumulated Al at the gill and exhibited decreased blood Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+ concentrations, and increased K+, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lactate, indicating increasing ionoregulatory disturbance with increasing Al concentration. Fish exposed to ambient water (6.2) or low-pH (5.3) water without Al exhibited slight reductions in heart rates, as well as increased stroke volume, resulting in little variation in cardiac output. In the presence of Al (20 to 40 μg l−1) at low pH (5.1–5.3), fish increased their heart rate slightly and generally maintained their stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output in the first two days of exposure. At the highest Al concentration (80 μg l−1, pH 5.1), tachycardia was observed, concomitant with a decrease in stroke volume. The ionoregulatory imbalance and resulting increased blood viscosity explain these increases in heart rate rather than stroke volume in fish exposed to high concentrations of Al.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Allin, C.J. and Wilson, R.W. 2000. Effects of pre-acclimation to aluminium on the physiology and swimming behavior of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during a pulsed exposure. Aquat. Tox. 51: 213–224.
Anderson, W.G., McKinley, R.S. and Colavecchia, M. 1997. The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effects on swimming performance. N. Am J. Fish. Manag. 17: 301–307.
Bonga, S.E.W. 1997. The stress response in fish. Phys. Rev. 77: 591–625.
Booth, C.E., McDonald, D.G., Simons, B.P. and Wood, C.M. 1988. Effects of aluminum and low pH on net ion fluxes and ion balance in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1563–1574.
Brodeur, M.C.J., Ytrestøyl, T., Finstad, B. and McKinley, R.S. 1999. Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 184–190.
Farrell, A.P. 1991. From hagfish to tuna: A perspective on cardiac function in fish. Physiol. Zool. 64: 1137–1164.
Farrell, A.P. 1993. Cardiovascular system. In: The Physiology of Fishes. pp. 219–250. Edited by D.H. Evans. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Gensemer, R.W. and Playle, R.C. 1999. The bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in aquatic environments. Crit. Rev. in Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 315–450.
Hogstrand, C. and Wood, C.M. 1998. Toward a better understanding of the bioavailability, physiology, and toxicity of silver in fish: Implications for water quality criteria. Env. Tox. Chem. 17: 547–561.
Karlsson-Norrgren, L., Bjorklund, I., Ljungberg, O. and Runn, P. 1986b. Acid water and aluminium exposure: experimentally induced gill lesions in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. J. Fish Dis. 9: 11–25.
Karlsson-Norrgren, L., Dickson, W., Ljungberg, O. and Runn, P. 1986a. Acid water and aluminium exposure: gill lesions and aluminium accumulation in farmed brown trout, Salmo trutta L. J. Fish Dis. 9: 1–9.
Ladé, R.I. and Brown Jr, E.B. 1963. Movement of potassium between muscle and blood in response to respiratory acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 204: 761–764.
Laitinen, M. and Valtonen, T. 1995. Cardiovascular, ventilatory and haematological responses of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), to the combined effects of acidity and aluminium in humic water at winter temperatures. Aquat. Tox. 31: 99–112.
Lee, C. and Harvey, H.H. 1986. Localization of aluminum in tissues of fish. Water Air Soil Poll. 30: 649–655.
McDonald, D.G., Wood, C.M., Rhem, R.R., Mueller, M.E., Mount, D.R. and Bergman, H.L. 1991. Nature and time course of acclimation to aluminum in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). I. Physiology. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 2006–2015.
Milligan, C.L. and Wood, C.M. 1982. Disturbances in haematology, fluid volume distribution and circulatory function associated with low environmental pH in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Exp. Biol. 99: 397–415.
Neville, C.M. 1985. Physiological response of juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to acid and aluminum-Prediction of field responses from laboratory data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 2004–2219.
Norrgren, L., Wicklund Glynn, A. and Malmborg, O. 1991. Accumulation and effects of aluminium in the minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus L.) at different pH levels. J. Fish Biol. 39: 833–847.
Reid, S.D., McDonald, D.G. and Rhem, R.R. 1991. Acclimation to sublethal aluminum: Modifications of metal-gill surface interactions of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncochynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 1996–2005.
Schofield, C.L. and Trojnar, J.R. 1980. Aluminum toxicity to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in acidified waters. In: Polluted rain. pp. 341–366. Edited by T.Y. Toribara, M.W. Miller and P.E. Morrow. Plenum Press, New York.
Stecyk, J.A.W. and Farrell, A.P. 2002. Cardiorespiratory responses of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to severe hypoxia at three acclimation temperatures. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 759–768.
Tietge, J.E., Johnson, R.D. and Bergman, H.L. 1988. Morphometric changes in gill secondary lamellae of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) after long-term exposure to acid and aluminum. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1643–1648.
Webber, D.M., Boutilier, R.G. and Kerr, S.R. 1998. Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod Gadus Morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 201: 2779–2789.
Wilson, R.W. and Wood, C.M. 1992. Swimming performance, whole body ions, and gill Al accumulation during acclimation to sublethal aluminium in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 10: 149–159.
Wilson, R.W., Bergman, H.L. and Wood, C.M. 1994. Metabolic costs and physiological consequences of acclimation to aluminum in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 1: Acclimation specificity, resting physiology, feeding, and growth. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 527–535.
Withers, P.C. 1992. Circulation. pp. 665–726. In Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders, Toronto.
Witters, H.E., Van Puymbroeck, S., Van Den Sande, I. and Vanderborght, O.L.J. 1990. Haematological disturbances and osmotic shifts in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under acid and aluminium exposure. J. Comp. Physiol. 160B: 563–571.
Wood, C.M., McDonald, D.G., Booth, C.E., Simons, B.P., Ingersoll, C.G. and Bergman, H.L. 1988a. Physiological evidence of acclimation to acid/aluminum stress in adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Blood composition and net sodium fluxes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1587–1596.
Wood, C.M., McDonald, D.G., Mount, D.R. and Bergman, H.L. 1988b. Physiological evidence of acclimation to acid/aluminum stress in adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 2. Blood parameters by cannulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1597–1605.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dussault, È.B., Playle, R.C., Dixon, D.G. et al. Effects of sublethal, acidic aluminum exposure on blood ions and metabolites, cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 25, 347–357 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023295413119
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023295413119