Abstract
Compares conceptualizations of homelessness as a temporary state through which people pass or a permanent trait that emanates from individual characteristics. Evidence from a longitudinal study of 564 homeless families in New York City and additional secondary sources supports the view that for families, homelessness is a temporary state that is resolved by the provision of subsidized housing. Even for single individuals with severe mental disturbances, housing is a key factor in ending homelessness, although here there is more evidence that social services also contribute. Policy implications are that governments should take a more active role in reducing homelessness by providing access to subsidized housing.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Burt, M. (1992). Over the edge. New York: Russell Sage, 1992.
Culhane, D. P., Dejowski, E. F., Ibanez, J., Needham, E., & Macchia, I. (1994). Public shelter admission rates in Philadelphia and New York City: The implications of turnover for sheltered population counts. Housing Policy Debate, 5, 107–128.
Hurlburt, M. S., Wood, P. A., & Hough, R. L. (1996). Providing independent housing for the mentally ill homeless: a novel approach to evaluating long-term housing patterns. Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 291–310.
Jencks, C. (1994). The homeless. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kershaw, S. (1996, June 28). Families face a sad start in shelters. The New York Times, pp. B1, B7.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Link, B. G., Susser, E., Stueve, A., Phelan, J., Moore, R. E., & Struening, E. (1994). Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1907–1912.
Rog, D. J., Holupka, C. S., & McCombs-Thornton, K. L. (1995). Implementation of the Homeless Families Program: 1. Service models and preliminary outcomes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 502–513.
Shern, D. L., Felton, C. J., Hough, R. L., Lehman, A. F., Goldfinger, S., Valencia, E., Dennis, D., Straw, R., & Wood, P.A. (1997). Housing outcomes for homeless adults with mental illness: Results from the second-round McKinney program. Psychiatric Services, 48, 239–241.
Shinn, M. (1992). Homelessness: What is a psychologist to do? American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 1–24.
Shinn, M., Knickman, J. R., & Weitzman, B. C. (1991). Social relations and vulnerability to becoming homeless among poor families. American Psychologist, 46, 1180–1187.
Shinn, M., & Weitzman, B. C. (1996, July 2). Not so rootless [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times, p. A14.
Shinn, M., Weitzman, B.C., Stojanovic, D., Knickman, J. R., Jimenez, L., Duchon, L., James, S., & Krantz, D. H. (in press). Predictors of homelessness from shelter request to housing stability among families in New York City. American Journal of Public Health.
Spielberger, C. D. (1972). The nature and measurement of anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (pp. 23–49). New York: Academic Press.
Stojanovic, D., Weitzman, B. C., Shinn, M., Labay, L, & Williams, N. P. (1997). Tracing the path out of homelessness: The housing patterns of families after exiting shelter. Manuscript under review.
Susser, E., Valencia, E., Conover, S., Felix, A., Tsai, W.-Y., & Wyatt, R. J. (1997). Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: A “critical time” intervention after discharge from a shelter. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 256–262.
Tomorrow, T. (1996, July 21). This Modern World [Cartoon]. The New York Times, Section 4, p. 6.
Trickett, E. J. (1984). Toward a distinctive community psychology: An ecological metaphor for the conduct of community research and the nature of training. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 261–279.
Tsemberis, S. (1995, October). Housing homeless people with psychiatric disabilities directly from the streets. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Public Health Association, San Diego.
Weitzman, B. C., & Berry, C. (1994). Formerly homeless families and the transition to permanent housing: High risk families and the role of intensive case management services. Final Report to the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. New York: Health Research Program, Wagner Graduate School.
Weitzman, B. C., Knickman, J. R., & Shinn, M. (1990). Pathways to homelessness among New York City families. Journal of Social Issues, 46(4), 125–140.
Weitzman, B. C., Knickman, J. R., & Shinn, M. (1992). Predictors of shelter use among low income families: Psychiatric history, substance abuse, and victimization. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1547–1550.
PUBLICATIONS OF MARYBETH SHINN: Books and Monographs
Caplan, R., Robinson, E., French, J. R. P., Jr., Caldwell, J., & Shinn, M. (1976). Adhering to medical regimens: Pilot experiments in patient education and social support. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Shinn, M., & Felton, B. J. (Eds.). (1981). Institutions and alternatives [Special issue]. Journal of Social Issues, 37(3).
Shinn, M., & Weitzman, B. C. (Eds.). (1990). Urban homelessness [Special issue]. Journal of Social Issues, 46(4).
Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., & Shinn, M. (1994). The study of children in family child care and relative care: Highlights of findings. New York: Families and Work Institute.
Kontos, S., Howes, C., Shinn, M., & Galinsky, E. (1995). Quality in family child care and relative care. New York: Teachers College Press.
Shinn, M. (Ed.). (1996). Ecological assessment [Special issue]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1).
PUBLICATIONS OF MARYBETH SHINN: Articles and Chapters
Shinn, M., Caplan, R., Robinson, E., French, J. R. P., Jr., & Caldwell, J. (1977). Combatting hypertension with patient education and social support. Urban Health, 6(4), 20–21, 57–59.
Shinn, M. (1978). Father absence and children's cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 295–324. Reprinted in S. Chess & A. Thomas (Eds.), Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (pp. 293–330). New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1979.
Shinn, M. (1979). Burnout in human service agencies: Patterns of job stress, psychological strain, and coping responses. In K. A. Reid, & R. A. Quinlan (Eds.), Burnout in helping professions (pp. 1–21). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University. Reprinted as Burnout among child care workers. Association of Child Care Workers Monograph, 1, 133–150, 1980.
Shinn, M., Perkins, D. N. T., & Cherniss, C. (1980). Using survey-guided development to improve program climates: An experimental evaluation in group homes for youths. In R. Stough & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Optimizing environments: Research, practice, and policy (pp. 124–135). Washington: EDRA.
Shinn, M. (1981). Caveat emptor: Potential problems in using information on burn-out. In W. S. Paine (Ed.), Proceedings of the First National Conference on Burnout (pp. 159–194). Philadelphia: Mercy Catholic Medical Center.
Shinn, M., & Felton, B. J. (1981). Institutions and alternatives: An overview. Journal of Social Issues, 37(3), 1–5.
Felton, B. J., & Shinn, M. (1981). Ideology and practice of deinstitutionalization. Journal of Social Issues, 37(3), 158–172. Reprinted in E. H. Monkkonen (Ed.), Crime and justice in American history: Historical articles on the origins and evolution of American criminal justice Part 1, pp. 256–270, 1992.
Shinn, M. (1982). Assessing program characteristics and social climate. In A. J. McSweeny, R. Hawkins, & W. Fremouw (Eds.), Practical program evaluation in youth treatment (pp. 116–143). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Shinn, M. (1982). Methodological issues: Evaluating and using information. In W. S. Paine (Ed.), Job stress and burnout: Research, theory, & intervention perspectives (pp. 61–79). Beverly Hills: Sage. (Revised version of Caveat emptor, above, 1981.)
Shinn, M., & Mørch, H. (1983). A tripartite model of coping with burnout. In B. Farber (Ed.), Stress and burnout in the human service professions (pp. 227–240). New York: Pergamon.
Shinn, M., Rosario, M., Mørch, H., & Chestnut, D. (1984). Coping with job stress and burnout in the human services. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 864–876.
Lazaro, C., Shinn, M., & Robinson, P. E. (1984). Burnout, job performance, and job withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration, 7, 213–234.
Shinn, M., Lehmann, S., & Wong, N. (1984). Social interaction and social support. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 55–76.
Hinrichsen, G. A., Revenson, T. A., & Shinn, M. (1985). Does self-help help?: An empirical investigation of scoliosis peer support groups. Journal of Social Issues, 41(1), 65–87.
Shinn, M. (1987). Expanding community psychology's domain. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 555–574.
Rosario, M., Shinn, M., Mørch, H., & Huckabee, C. B. (1988). Gender differences in coping and social supports: Testing socialization and role constraint theories. Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 55–69.
Shinn, M. (1989). Crossing substantive domains. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 565–570.
Shinn, M., Wong, N. W., Simko, P., & Ortiz-Torres, B. (1989). Promoting the well-being of working parents: Coping, social support, and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 31–55.
Shinn, M. (1990). Mixing and matching: Levels of conceptualization, measurement, and statistical analysis in community research. In P. Tolan, C. Keys, F. Chertok, & L. Jason (Eds.), Researching community psychology: Issues of theory and methods (pp. 111–126). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shinn, M., Knickman, J. R., Ward, D., Petrovic, N. L., & Muth, B. J. (1990). Alternative models for sheltering homeless families. Journal of Social Issues, 46(4), 175–190.
Shinn, M., & Weitzman, B. C. (1990). Research on homelessness: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46(4), 1–11.
Weitzman, B. C., Knickman, J. R., & Shinn, M. (1990). Pathways to homelessness among New York City families. Journal of Social Issues, 46(4), 125–140.
Rafferty, Y., & Shinn, M. (1991). The impact of homelessness on children. American Psychologist, 46, 1170–1179. Reprinted in M. E. Hertzig & E. A. Farber (Eds.), Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (pp. 609–629). New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1992.
Shinn, M., Knickman, J. R., & Weitzman, B. C. (1991). Social relations and vulnerability to becoming homeless among poor families. American Psychologist, 46, 1180–1187.
Shinn, M. (1992). Homelessness: What is a psychologist to do? American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 1–24.
Felton, B. J., & Shinn, M. (1992). Social integration and social support: Moving “social support” beyond the individual level. Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 103–115.
Weitzman, B. C., Knickman, J. R., & Shinn, M. (1992). Predictors of shelter use among low income families: Psychiatric history, substance abuse, and victimization. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1547–1550.
Shinn, M., Mørch, H., Robinson, P. E., & Neuner, R. A. (1993). Individual, group, and agency strategies for coping with job stressors in residential child care programs. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 313–324.
Shinn, M., & Weitzman, B. C. (1994). You can't eliminate homelessness without housing. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 435–442.
Shinn, M., & Gillespie, C. (1994). The roles of housing and poverty in the origins of homelessness. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 505–521.
Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., & Shinn, M. (1994). The study of children in family child care and relative care: Key findings and policy recommendations. Young Children, 50(1), 58–61.
Howes, C., Sakai, L. M., Shinn, M., Phillips, D., Galinsky, E., & Whitebook, M. (1995). Race, social class, and maternal working conditions as influences on children's development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16, 107–124.
Shinn, M. (1996). Ecological assessment: Introduction to the special issue. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 1–3.
Shinn, M., & Weitzman, B. C. (1996). Homeless families are different. In Baumohl, J. (Ed.), Homelessness in America (pp. 109–122). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
Shinn, M. (1997). Family homelessness: State or trait? American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 755–769.
Kontos, S., Howes, C., Shinn, M., & Galinsky, E. (1997). Children's experiences in family child care and relative care as a function of family income and ethnicity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 43(3), 386–403.
Shinn, M., Weitzman, B. C., Stojanovic, D., Knickman, J. R., Jimenez, L. Duchon, L., James, S., & Krantz, D. H. (in press). Predictors of homelessness from shelter request to housing stability among families in New York City. American Journal of Public Health.
Shinn, M., Weitzman, B. C., & Hopper, K. (in press). Homelessness. Encyclopedia of Mental Health. San Diego: Academic Press.
Shinn, M., & Tsemberis, S. (in press). Is housing the cure for homelessness? In X. B. Arriaga & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Addressing community problems: Research and intervention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shinn, M., & Perkins, D. N. T. (forthcoming). Contributions from organizational psychology. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman, (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology. New York: Plenum.
Shinn, M., & Rapkin, B. D. (forthcoming). Cross-level analysis without cross-ups. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman, (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology. New York: Plenum Press.
Shinn, M. (forthcoming). Homelessness. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman, (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology. New York: Plenum Press.
PUBLICATIONS OF MARYBETH SHINN: Reviews, Brief Comments, Newsletter Columns
Shinn, M., & Krantz, D. H. (1981). Consistency in coping (Comment). Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 456–457.
Shinn, M. (1984). Baby steps toward prevention add up (Review). Contemporary Psychology. 29, 785–786.
Shinn, M., & Rosario, M. (1985). The extended family program. Community Psychologist, 19(1), 5–6.
Shinn, M. (1990). Society news. Community Psychologist, 24(1), 20.
Shinn, M. (1991). Celebrating Martin Luther King, Jr., in Arizona and at home. Community Psychologist, 24(2), 3.
Shinn, M. (1991). Supporting diversity in community psychology. Community Psychologist, 24(3), 3.
Shinn, M. (1993). Not just T-shirts. Community Psychologist, 26(3), 24.
Shinn, M. (1994). A community psychologist's involvement in the legal system. Community Psychologist, 28(1).
Shinn, M. (1994). Dollars for (pre-and post-doctoral) scholars. Community Psychologist, 28(1).
Shinn, M. (1996). Thoughtful essays on idiosyncratic topics in mental health policy (Review). Contemporary Psychology, 41, 1202–1203.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shinn, M. Family Homelessness: State or Trait?. Am J Community Psychol 25, 755–769 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022209028188
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022209028188