Abstract
The steady-state conditions and relaxation dynamics of a fluid layer during heat transport experiments near the liquid-vapor critical point are studied theoretically. The application is to 3 He along the critical isochore and under normal gravity—where experimental data are available—as well as zero gravity. First, the steady-state density stratification from gravity and from heat flow is calculated. The resulting observable thermal conductivity \(\bar \lambda _{obs} \) is obtained as a function of the temperature difference ΔT (or the heat current Q) across the fluid layer and becomes a strong non-linear function of ΔT as Tc is approached. The calculated \(\bar \lambda _{obs} \) is compared with that from experiments both above and below Tc. Second, the spatial profiles of temperature and density and their temporal evolutions are calculated above Tc as ΔT is established after Q is switched on, or conversely as ΔT decays to zero after Q has been switched off. From the calculations, done both from a closed-form expression and from simulations, the “observable” and “asymptotic” relaxation times for reaching the steady state are calculated as a function of Q, and compared with the experiments above Tc.
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Zhong, F., Meyer, H. Heat Transport in a Pure Fluid Near the Critical Point: Steady State and Relaxation Dynamics. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 114, 231–255 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021862122617
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021862122617