Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Zooplankton invasions: a brief review, plus two case studies from the northeast Pacific Ocean

  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Invasions of aquatic habitats by non-indigenous species (NIS), including zooplankton, are occurring at an alarming rate and are causing global concern. Although hundreds of such invasions have now been documented, surprisingly little is known about the basic biology and ecology of these invaders in their new habitats. Here we provide an overview of the published literature on NIS zooplankton, separated by life history (holoplankton vs. meroplankton), habitat (marine, estuarine, freshwater), and biological level of organization or topic (e.g. distribution and range extension, physiology, behavior, feeding, community impacts, ecosystem dynamics, etc). Amongst the many findings generated by our literature search, perhaps the most striking is the paucity of studies on community and ecosystem level impacts of NIS zooplankton, especially in marine and estuarine systems. We also present some results from two ongoing studies of invasive zooplankton in the northeast Pacific Ocean – Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in Washington and Oregon coastal estuaries, and Tortanus dextrilobatus in San Francisco Bay. Both of these Asian copepods have recently expanded their range and can at times be extremely abundant (103 m−3). We also examine some aspects of the trophic (predator–prey) ecology of these two invasive copepods, and find that they are likely to be important in the flow of material and energy in the systems in which they now pervade, although their impacts at the ecosystem level remain to be quantified. Finally, the findings of both our literature search and our two case studies of invasive zooplankton lead us to make several recommendations for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman, J. D., B. Sim, S. J. Nichols & R. Claudi, 1994. A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): comparisons with marine bivalves. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1169-1179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarino, A, 1974. Distribution of siphonophores in the regions adjacent to the Suez and Panama Canals. Fish. Bull. 72: 527-546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambler, J.W., J. E. Cloern & A. Hutchinson, 1985. Seasonal cycles of zooplankton from San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.). Hydrobiologia 129: 177-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amoros, C., 1980. Morphological and ecological observations of Daphnia ambigua Scourfield, 1946 (Cladocera), new species for France. Crustaceana 39: 247-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avent, S. R., S. M. Bollens, W. Kimmerer & J. Cordell, 2000. Copepods invade the San Francisco estuary. Ballast Exchange Newsletter, Univ. California Ballast Sea Grant Outreach Project. 2: 4-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avent, S., S. M. Bollens, E. Horgan, M. Butler & R. Roundtree, 2001. Planktonic hydroids on Georges Bank: ingestion and selective feeding by predatory fishes. Deep-Sea Res. II 48: 673-684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailly, J. P., H. Girardi & P. Moulet, 1987. Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lank., 1880 (Hydrozoa), a new location in south-east of France and fuller ecological data. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon. 56: 192-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, C. & P. Rijswijk, 1989. A marine calanoid copepod (Temora longicornis) in a semi-stagnant coastal lagoon (Lake Grevelingen, S.W.-Netherlands). Hydrobiol. Bull. 23: 179-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnhisel, D. R., 1991. The caudal appendage of the cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi as defense against young fish. J. Plankton Res. 13: 529-537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnhisel, D. R. & H. A. Harvey, 1995. Size-specific fish avoidance of the spined crustacean Bythotrephes: field support for laboratory predictions. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 52: 768-775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becket, D. C. & E. J. Turanchik, 1980. Occurrence of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester in the Ohio River. Ohio J. Sci. 80: 95-96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdnikov, S. V., V. V. Selyutin, V. V. Vasilchenko & J. F. Caddy, 1999. Trophodynamic model of the Black and Azov Sea pelagic ecosystem: consequences of the comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leydei, invasion. Fish. Res. 42: 261-289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, D. J. & D.W. Garton, 1988. Seasonal abundance of the exotic predatory cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi, in western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 14: 479-488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, D. J. & D. W. Garton, 1994. Genetic differentiation in North American and European populations of the cladoceran Bythotrephes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 1503-1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bielecka, L., M. I. Zmijewska & A. Szymborska, 2000. A new predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov 1891) in the Gdansk Gulf (Baltic Sea). Oceanologia 42: 371-374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilkovic, D. M. & J. T. Lehman, 1997. Lipid concentration and size variation of Bythotrephes (Cladocera: Cercopagidae) from Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 23: 149-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, R.W., II & N. G. Hairston, Jr., 1988. Predator driven changes in community structure. Oecologia 77: 468-479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollens, S. M., S. Avent, J. Cordell, W. Kimmerer & C. Penalva-Arana, 1999. San Francisco Bay zooplankton: interannual and interdecadal variation, with special reference to non-indigenous species and ENSO effects. EOS, Trans. am. Geophys. Union 80: 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollens, S. M. & B. W. Frost, 1991. Ovigerity, selective predation, and variable diel vertical migration in Euchaeta elongata (Copepoda: Calanoida). Oecologia 87: 155-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollens, S.M., B.W. Frost, K. Osgood & S. D. Watts, 1993. Vertical distributions and susceptibilities to vertebrate predation of the marine copepods Metridia lucens and Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 1841-1851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borodkin, S. O. & L. I. Korzhikova, 1991. The chemical composition of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its role in the transformation of nutrients in the Black Sea. Okeanologiya/ Oceanology 31: 754-758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, T. E. & J. J. Orsi, 1992. Deltamysis holmquistae New-Genus New-Species of Mysidacea from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary of California Mysidae Mysinae heteromysini. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 105: 733-742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, J.M., 1976. Partial revision of the Acartia subgenus Acartiura (Copepoda: Calanoida: Acartiidae). N.Z. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 10 (1): 159-202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, B. P., 1978. Genetic and physiological adaptation of the copepod Eurytemora affinis to seasonal temperatures. Genetics 90: 193-205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, V. J., B. J. Cardinale & T. M. Burton, 1995. Zebra mussels in a coastal marsh: the seasonal and spatial limits of colonization. J. Great Lakes Res. 21: 587-593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branstrator, D. K., 1995. Ecological interactions between Bythotrephes cederstroemi and Leptodora kindtii and the implications for species replacement in Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 21: 670-679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, B. B. & G. C. Grant, 1974. The occurrence of Podon intermedius (Crustacea, Cladocera) in Chesapeake Bay, a new distributional record. Chesapeake Sci. 15: 118-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulnheim, H. P., 1985. Genetic differentiation between natural populations of Gammarus tigrinus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with reference to its range extension in European continental waters. Archiv. Fuer. Hydrobiol. 102: 273-290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bur, M. T. & D. M. Klarer, 1991. Prey selection for the exotic cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi by selected Lake Erie fishes. J. Great Lakes Res. 17: 85-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, S., 1994. Seasonal size variation in predatory caldoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemii in Lake Michigan. Freshwat. Biol. 31: 97-108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, S. & J. T. Lehman, 1994. Prey consumption and predatory effects of an invertebrate predator (Bythotrephes: Cladocera, Cercopagidae) based on phosphorus budgets. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 1007-1019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, M., M. G. Morrice & B. Wolf, 1997. Introduction of the northern Pacific asteroid Asterias amurensis to Tasmania: reproduction and current distribution. Mar. Biol. 127: 673-685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, D. R. & V. G. Burrell, 1969. Brackish water hydromedusae in North America. Nature 222: 694-695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T., 1985. In Barnes, M. (ed.), Transoceanic and Interoceanic Dispersal of Coastal Marine Organisms: the Biology of Ballast Water. Oceanogr. mar. biol. Ann. Rev. 23: 313-371.

  • Carlton, J. T., 1992. Dispersal mechanisms of the zebra mussel. J. Shellfish Res. 11: 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T., 1996. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biol. Conserv. 78: 97-106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T., 1999. Molluscan invasions in marine and estuarine communities. Malacologia 41: 439-454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T. & J. B. Geller, 1991. A thousand points of invasion: Rapid oceanic dispersal of coastal organisms and implications for evolutionary biology, ecology, and biogeography. Am. Zool. 31: 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T. & J. B. Geller, 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, J. T., J. K. Thompson, L. E. Schemel & F. H. Nichols, 1990. Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.) by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 66: 81-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cataldo, D. H. & D. Boltovskoy, 2000. Yearly reproductive activity of Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia) as inferred from the occurrence of its larvae in the plankton of the lower Parana River and the Rio de la Plata estuary (Argentina). Aquat. Ecol. 34: 307-317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalker-Scott, L., J. D. Scott, C. Dunning & K. Smith, 1992. Effect of ultraviolet-B radiation (280-320 NM) on survivorship of zebra mussel larvae (Dreissena polymorpha): a potential control strategy. J. Shellfish Res: 11 (1): 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlebois, P. M., M. J. Raffenberg & J. M. Dettmers, 2001. First occurrence of Cercopagis pengoi in LakeMichigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 27: 258-261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chess, D. W., 1998. Comparative Energetics and Life Cycle of the Opossum Shrimp (Mysis relicta) in Native and Non-native Environments. Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng. 59: 2542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, K. H., P. F. Tam, C. H. Fung & Q. C. Chen, 1997. A biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering Hong Kong. Hydrobiologia 352: 201-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. N. & J. T. Carlton, 1995. Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. USFWS Report. Washington, D.C.

  • Cohen, A. N. & J. T. Carlton, 1998. Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science 279: 555-558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, J. R., 1998. Invasive marine organisms — Asian copepods in Pacific Northwest estuaries. Puget Sound Notes 41: 1-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, J. R., C. A. Morgan & C. A. Simenstad, 1992. Occurrence of the Asian calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in the zooplankton of the Columbia River estuary. J. Crust. Biol. 12: 260-269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, J. R. & S. M. Morrison, 1996. The invasive Asian copepod Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia estuaries. Estuaries 19: 629-638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, J. R., C. A. Simenstad & C. A. Morgan, 1992. The Asian calanoid copepod (Pseudodiaptomus inopinus) in Pacific Northwest rivers: Biology of an invasive zooplankter. Northwest Environ. J. 8: 164-165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulas, R. A., H. J. MacIsaac & W. Dunlop, 1998. Selective predation on an introduced zooplankter (Bythotrephes cederstroemi) by lake herring (Coregonus artedii) in Harp Lake, Ontario. Freshwat. Biol. 40: 343-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daehler, C. C., 2001. Two Ways to Be an Invader, but One is More Suitable for Ecology. Bull. Ecol. Soc. am. 82: 101-102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. L., Jr. & W. E. Kelso, 1997. The exotic daphnid, Daphnia lumholtzi, in a Louisiana river-swamp. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 12: 431-435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. A. & K. Thompson, 2000. Eight ways to be a colonizer; two ways to be an invader: a proposed nomenclature scheme for invasion ecology. Bull. Ecol. Soc. am. 2000: 226-230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demelo, R. & P. D. N. Hebert, 1994. Founder effects and geographical variation in the invading cladoceran Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird 1857 in North America. Heredity 73: 490-499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodson, S. I. & S. D. Cooper, 1983. Trophic relationships of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi (Lankester, 1880). Limnol. Oceanogr. 28: 345-351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchovnay, A., J. W. Reid & A. McIntosh, 1992. Thermocyclops crassus (Crustacea: Copepoda) present in North America: a new record from Lake Champlain. J. Great Lakes Res. 18: 415-419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, M. A., L. J. Perry, C. M. Kearns & L. J. Weider, 2000. Paleogenetic evidence for a past invasion of Onondaga Lake, New York, by exotic Daphnia curvirostris using mtDNA from dormant eggs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45: 1409-1414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumitru, C., G. W. Sprules & D. N. Yan, 2001. Impact of Bythotrephes longimanus on zooplankton assemblages of Harp Lake, Canada: an assessment based on predator consumption and prey production. Freshwat. Biol. 46: 241-251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumont, H. J. & K. Martens, 1996. The freshwater microcrustacea of Easter Island. Hydrobiologia 325: 83-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzialowski, A. R., W. J. O'Brien & S. M. Swaffar, 2000. Range expansion and potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi. J. Plankton Res. 22: 2205-2223.

    Google Scholar 

  • East, T. L., K. E. Havens, A. J. Rodusky & M. A. Brady, 1999. Daphnia lumholtzi and Daphnia ambigua: population comparisons of an exotic and a native cladoceran in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. J. Plankton Res. 21: 1537-1551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, J. L. & D. L. Bunting, 1979. Long-term changes in zooplankton species composition and selected physicochemical parameters in Woods Reservoir, Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 54: 132-136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elston, R., 1997. Pathways and management of marine nonindigenous species in the shared waters of British Columbia and Washington. Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force Work Group on Minimizing Introductions of Exotic Species. Puget Sound/Georgia Basin Environmental Report Series: Number 5.

  • Elton, C. S., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen, London, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epifanio, C. E., A. I. Dittel, S. Park, S. Schwalm & A. Fouts, 1998. Early life history of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, a non-indigenous crab in the Middle Atlantic Bight (U.S.A.). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 170: 231-238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, B. S., R. W. G. White & R. D. Ward, 1998. Genetic identification of asteroid larvae from Tasmania, Australia, by PCR-RFLP. Mol. Ecol. 7: 1077-1082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fancett, M. S. & W. J. Kimmerer, 1985. Vertical migration of a demersal copepod Pseudodiaptomus as a means of predator avoidance. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 88: 31-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, F. D. & J. J. Orsi, 1984. Oithona davisae, new species, and Limnothoina sinensis (Burckhardt, 1912) from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California. J. Crust. Biol. 4: 106-126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, M. T., 1985. Occurrence of the freshwater medusa Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lank. 1880 (Hydrozoa: Olindiidae) in Portuguese reservoirs. Bol. Soc. Port. Cienc. Nat. 22: 41-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleminger, A. & S. Hendrix Kramer, 1988. Recent introduction of an Asian estuarine copepod, Pseudodiaptomus marinus (Copepoda: Calanoida), into southern California embayments. Mar. Biol. 98: 535-541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frischer, M. E., J. A. Wyllie, K. A. Bass & A. C. Williams, 1995. Development and utilization of genetic probes for studying the planktonic ecology of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). In Balcom, N. (ed.), Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Non-Indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species, Cromwell, CT (USA). 14 pp.

  • Garnaas, E., 1986. Changes in the diet of charr Salvelinus alpinus after introduction of Mysis relicta in two subalpine reservoirs in Norway. Fauna Norveg. 7: 17-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garton, D. W., D. J. Berg & R. J. Fletcher, 1990. Thermal tolerances of the predatory cladocerans Bythotrephes cederstroemi and Leptodora kindti: relationship to seasonal abundance in western Lake Erie. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 47: 731-738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasol, J. M., K. Juergens, R. Massana, J. I. Calderon-Paz & C. Pedros-Alio, 1995. Mass development of Daphnia pulex in a sulfide-rich pond (Lake Ciso). Arch. Hydrobiol. 132: 279-296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, J. B., J. T. Carlton & D. A. Powers, 1994. PCR-based detection of mtDNA haplotypes of native and invading mussels on the northeastern Pacific coast: latitudinal pattern of invasion. Mar. Biol. 119: 243-249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, J. B., E. D. Walton, E. D. Grosholz & G. M. Ruiz, 1997. Cryptic invasions of the crab Carcinus detected by molecular phylogeography. Mol. Ecol. 6: 901-906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J. J., 1989. The effect of Daphnia interference on a natural rotifer and ciliate community: short-term bottle experiments. Limnol. Oceanog. 34: 606-617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, C. R., M. D. Morgan, S. T. Threlkeld & N. Angeli, 1979. A population dynamics analysis of the cladoceran disappearance from Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24: 289-297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, C. R., 1981. In Sladecek, V. (ed.), Lake Tahoe: Two Decades of Change in a Nitrogen Deficient Oligotrophic Lake. Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. appl. Limnol. 21: 45-70.

  • Gollasch, S., J. Lenz, M. Dammer & H. G. Andres, 2000. Survival of tropical ballast water organisms during a cruise from the Indian Ocean to the North Sea. J. Plankton Res. 22: 923-937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorokhova, E., N. Aladin & H. J. Dumont, 2000. Further expansion of the genus Cercopagis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Onychopoda) in the Baltic Sea, with notes on the taxa present and their ecology. Hydrobiologia 429: 207-218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabe, S. A., 1989. Some aspects of the biology of Rhopalophthalmus tattersallae Pillai, 1961 (Crustacea, Mysidacea) and extension of range into the Khor al Sabiya. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 102: 726-731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greve, W., 1994. The 1989 German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica. ICES J. mar. Sci. 51: 355-358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigorovich, I. A. & O. V. Pashkova, 1997. Dreissena larvae in nearbottom water layers. In Claudi, R. (ed.), Proc. Int. Zebra Mussel and Aquatic Nuisance Species Conf Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario 49-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigorovich, I. A., O. V. Pashkova, Y. F. Gromova & O. C. D. A. Van, 1998. Bythotrephes longimanus in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Variability, distribution and ecology. Hydrobiologia 379: 183-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grindley, J. R. & G. D. Grice, 1969. A redescription of Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato (Copepoda, Calanoida). Crustaceana 16: 291-301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grishyn, A. N., L. A. Kovalenko & L. K. Sorokolit, 1994. Trophic relations in plankton communities in the Black Sea before and after Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) invasion. Proc. South. Sci. Res. Inst. Mar. Fish. Ocean. 40: 38-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubanova, A. D., I. Y. Prusova, U. Niermann, N. V. Shadrin & I. G. Polikarpov, 2001. Dramatic change in the copepod community in Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) during two decades (1976-1996). Senckenbergiana Maritima 31: 17-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guenduez, E., 1998. Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) (Copepoda, Calanoida) in Turkey. Hydrobiologia 380: 9-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hairston, N. G. & A. J. Bohonak, 1998. Copepod reproductive strategies: Life-history theory, phylogenetic pattern and invasion of inland waters. J. mar. Sys. 15: 23-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hairston, N. G., Jr., L. J. Perry, A. J. Bohonak, M. Q. Fellows, C. M. Kearns & D. R. Engstrom, 1999. Population biology of a failed invasion: paleolimnology of Daphnia exilis in upstate New York. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 477-486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. I. & N. D. Yan, 1997. Comparing annual population growth estimates of the exotic invader Bythotrephes by using sediment and plankton records. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42: 112-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammar, J., 1988. Planktivorous whitefish and introduced Mysis relicta: ultimate competitors in the pelagic community. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Biology and Management of Coregonids: 497-521.

  • Hanson, M., 1982. Effects of introduced Mysis relicta on fish in Lake Suorva. Inf. Soetvattenslab. Drottningholm 3: 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, D., 1984, Recent changes in the ecology of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. appl. Limnol. 22: 1193-1197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havel, J. E. & P. D. N. Hebert, 1993. Daphnia lumholtzi in North America: Another exotic zooplankter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 1823-1827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havel, J. E., W. R. Mabee & J. R. Jones, 1995. Invasion of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi into North American reservoirs. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 52: 151-160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havens, K. E. & T. L. East, 1997. Carbon dynamics in the 'grazing food chain' of a subtropical lake. J. Plankton Res. 19: 1687-1711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havens, K. E., T. L. East, J. Marcus, P. Essex, B. Bolan, S. Raymond & J. R. Beaver, 2000. Dynamics of the exotic Daphnia lumholtzii and native macro-zooplankton in a subtropical chain-of-lakes in Florida, U.S.A. Freshwat. Biol. 45: 21-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa, K., 1986. A new record of the planktonic copepod Centropages abdominalis (Copepoda, Calanoida) from Patagonian waters, southern Chile. Crustaceana 51: 296-298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa, K., 1988. New records of the North Pacific coastal planktonic copepods, Acartia omorii (Acartiidae) and Oithona davisae (Oithonidae) from southern Chile. Bull. mar. Sci. 42: 337-339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiskey, R. M., 1996. The occurrence of the exotic Daphnia lumholtzi in Grand Lake St. Marys, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 96: 100-101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. C., M. E. Smith & J. T. Lehman, 2001. Perch or plankton: top-down control of Daphnia by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) or Bythotrephes cederstroemi in an inland lake? Freshwat. Biol. 46: 759-775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmeyer, M. S., 1990. The occurrence of Neomysis americana in two new localities of the South American coast (Mysidacea). Crustaceana 58: 186-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hokstad, O. & J. Skurdal, 1996. Spreading of freshwater organisms in Norway. Fauna (Blindern) 49: 10-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, P. J., J. W. Reid, L. T. Lesko & J. H. Selgeby, 1998. Cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Bulletin of the Ohio Biol. Survey 12: I-VI, 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack, J. D. & J. H. Thorp, 1995. Daphnia lumholtzi: appearance and likely impacts of an exotic cladoceran in the Ohio River. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 56: 101-103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarnagin, S. T., 1999. Direct and Indirect Estimates of Death Rates and Predator-mediated Dispersal of Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng: 155 pp.

  • Jarnagin, S. T., B. K. Swan & W. C. Kerfoot, 2000. Fish as vectors in the dispersal of Bythotrephes cederstroemi: diapausing eggs survive passage through the gut. Freshwat. Biol. 43: 579-589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, T. C., D. O. Hessen & B. A. Faafeng, 2001. Biotic and abiotic preferences of the cladoceran invader Limnosida frontosa. Hydrobiologia 442: 89-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeppesen, E., P. Leavitt, L. De Meester & J. P. Jensen, 2001. Functional ecology and palaeolimnology: using cladoceran remains to reconstruct anthropogenic impact. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 191-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. L. & J. E. Havel, 2001. Competition between native and exotic Daphnia: in situ experiments. J. Plankton Res. 23: 373-387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. E., 1995. Enhanced early detection and enumeration of zebra mussel (Dreissena spp.) veligers using cross-polarized light microscopy. Hydrobiologia 312: 139-146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. E. & J. T. Carlton, 1996. Post-establishment spread in large-scale invasions: dispersal mechanisms of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Ecology 77: 1686-1690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. E. & D. K. Padilla, 1996. Geographic spread of exotic species: ecological lessons and opportunities from the invasion of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Biol. Conserv. 78: 23-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juergens, K., J. M. Gasol, R. Massana & C. Pedros-Alio, 1994. Control of heterotrophic bacteria and protozoans by Daphnia pulex in the epilimnion of Lake Ciso (Spain). Arch. Hydrobiol. 131: 55-78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keilty, T. J., 1990. Evidence for alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) predation on the European cladoceran Bythothrephes cederstroemi in northern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 16: 330-333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerfoot, W. C., 1980. The effects of an introduced invertebrate predator and food resource variation on zooplankton dynamics in an ultraoligotrophic lake. In Kerfoot, W. (ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. The University Press of New England, Hanover (N.H.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketelaars, H. A. M. & L. Breemen, 1994. The invasion of the predatory cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus Leydig and its in-fluence of the plankton communities in the Biesbosch reservoirs. In Sladeckova, A. (ed.), Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. appl. Limnol. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart, FRG. 25: 1168-1175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketelaars, H. A. M., F. E. Lambregts-Van de Clundert, C. J. Carpentier, A. J. Wagenvoort & W. Hoogenboezem, 1999. Ecological effects of the mass occurrence of the Ponto-Caspian invader, Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars, 1907 (Crustacea: Mysidacea), in a freshwater storage reservoir in the Netherlands, with notes on its autecology and new records. Hydrobiologia 394: 233-248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketzner, P. A. & B. P. Bradley, 1982. Rate of environmental change and adaptation in the copepod Eurytemora affinis. Evolution 36: 298-306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoroshilov, V. S. & T. A. Lukasheva, 1999. Changes of zooplankton community of the Blue Bay after introduction of Mnemiopsis in the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 39: 567-572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kideys, A. E., 1994. Recent dramatic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem: the reason for the sharp decline in Turkish anchovy fisheries. J. mar. Syst. 5: 171-181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerer, W. J., J. R. Burau & W. A. Bennett, 1998. Tidally oriented vertical migration and position maintenance of zooplankton in a temperate estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43: 1697-1709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerer, W. J., E. Gartside & J. J. Orsi, 1994. Predation by an introduced clam as the likely cause of substantial declines in zooplankton of San Francisco Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 113: 81-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerer, W., C. Peñalva, S. M. Bollens, S. Avent & J. Cordell, 1999. Zooplankton in the Lower San Francisco Estuary. Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter. Spring 1999.

  • Kolar, C. S., J. C. Boase, D. F. Clapp & D. H. Wahl, 1997. Potential effect of invasion by an exotic zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 12: 521-530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalev, A. V., V. Zaika, N. A. Ostrovskaya, N. G. Sergeyeva, V. V. Mel'nikov, I. Tamoykin, Ivanova, II & L. S. Svetlichnyy, 1996. Mnemiopsis mccradyi, a new inhabitant of the Black Sea. Hydrobiol. J. Gidrobiol. Zh. 32: 25-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalev, A. V. & S. A. Piontkovski, 1998. Interannual changes in the biomass of the Black Sea gelatinous zooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 20: 1377-1385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft, C. E. & L. E. Johnson, 2000. Regional differences in rates and patterns of North American inland lake invasions by zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 57: 993-1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krsinic, F. & J. Njire, 2001. An invasion by Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham 1892 in the northern Adriatic Sea in the summer of 1997 and the fate of small copepods. Acta Adriatica 42: 49-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylov, P. I., D. E. Bychenkov, V. E. Panov, N. V. Rodionova & I. V. Telesh, 1999. Distribution and seasonal dynamics of the Ponto-Caspian invader Cercopagis pengoi (Crustacea, Cladocera) in the Neva Estuary (Gulf of Finland). Hydrobiologia 393: 227-232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurashova, Y., D. Tinenkova & M. M. Yelizarenko, 1992. Podon intermedius (Cladocera, Podonidae) in the Caspian Sea. J. Ichthyol. Zool. Zh. 32: 27-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachner, E. A., C. Robins & W. Courtenay, 1970. Exotic fishes and other aquatic organisms introduced into North America. Smithsonian Contribuitons in Zoology. Vol. 59: 29 pp.

  • Langeland, A., 1974. Long-term changes in the plankton of Lake Tyrifjord, Norway. Norw. J. Zool. 22: 207-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langeland, A., 1981. In Sladecek, V. (ed.), Decreased Zooplankton Density in Two Norwegian Lakes Caused by Predation of Recently Introduced Mysis relicta. Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. Appl. Limnol. 21: 926-937.

  • Langeland, A., 1988. Decreased zooplankton density in a mountain lake resulting from predation by recently introduced Mysis relicta. In Sladecek, V. (ed.), Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. Appl. Limnol 23: 419-429.

  • Larson, R. J. & A. C. Arneson, 1990. Two medusae new to the coast of California: Carybdea marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758), a cubomedusa and Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884, a rhizostome scyphomedusa. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 89: 130-136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie, D., L. Smith & G. Ruiz, 1999. The Potential for Intracoastal Transfer of Non-indigenous Species in the Ballast Water of Ships. Estuar. coast. shelf Sci. 48: 551-564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebedeva, L. P. & E. Shushkina, 1994. A model study of the Mnemiopsis ctenophore effect on the Black Sea plankton community. Okeanologiya 34: 79-87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. E., 1998. Global phylogeography of the copepod species complex Eurytemora affinis and recent invasions of fresh water. Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng. 58: 1092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. E., 1999. Rapid and repeated invasions of fresh water by the copepod Eurytemora affinis. Evolution 53: 1423-1434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. E., 2000. Global phylogeography of a cryptic copepod species complex and reproductive isolation between genetically proximate 'populations'. Evolution 54: 2014-2027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. E. & M. A. Bell, 1999. Causes and consequences of recent freshwater invasions by saltwater animals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14: 284-288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. T., 1991. Causes and consequences of cladoceran dynamics in Lake Michigan: implications of species invasion by Bythotrephes. J. Great Lakes Res. 17: 437-445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J., 1993. Efficiencies of ingestion and assimilation by an invertebrate predator using C and P dual isotope labeling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 1550-1554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. T., D. M. Bilkovic & C. Sullivan, 1997. Predicting development, metabolism and secondary production for the invertebrate predator Bythotrephes. Freshwat. Biol. 38: 343-352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. T. & D. K. Branstrator, 1995. A model for growth, development, and diet selection by the invertebrate predator Bythotrephes cederstroemi. J. Great Lakes Res. 21: 610-619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. T. & D. K. Branstrator, 1996. Predicting assimilation and development rates of invertebrate predators. J. Great Lakes Res. 22: 930-934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. T. & C. E. Caceres, 1993. Food-web responses to species invasion by a predatory invertebrate: Bythotrephes in Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 879-891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennon, J. T., V. H. Smith & K. Williams, 2001. Influence of temperature on exotic Daphnia lumholtzi and implications for invasion success. J. Plankton Res. 23: 425-434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebig, J. R. & H. A. Vanderploeg, 1995. Vulnerability of Dreissena polymorpha larvae to predation by Great Lakes calanoid copepods: the importance of the bivalve shell. J. Great Lakes Res. 21: 353-358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabee, W. R., 2001. A Brachionus (Rotifera: Monogononta: Brachionidae) new to North America. Southwest. Nat. 46: 213-215.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIsaac, H. J., I. A. Grigorovich, J. A. Hoyle, N. S. Yan & V. E. Panov, 1999. Invasion of Lake Ontario by the Ponto-Caspian predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 56: 1-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclsaac, H. J., H. A. M. Ketelaars, I. A. Grigorovich, C. W. Ramcharan & N. D. Yan, 2000. Modeling Bythotrephes longimanus invasions in the Great Lakes basin based on its European distribution. Arch. Hydrobiol. 149: 1-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIsaac, H. J. & W. G. Sprules, 1992. Filtering impacts of larval and adult zebra mussels in western Lake Erie. J. Shellfish Res. 11: 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, G., 1996. Daphnia invasion: Population dynamics of Daphnia assemblages in two eutrophic lakes with particular reference to the introduced alien Daphnia ambigua. J. Plankton Res. 18: 2001-2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarewicz, J. C. & H. D. Jones, 1990. Occurrence of Bythotrephes cederstroemi in Lake Ontario offshore waters. J. Great Lakes Res. 16: 143-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarewicz, J. C., I. A. Grigorovich, E. Mills, E. Damaske, M. E. Cristescu, W. Pearsall, M. J. LaVoie, R. Keats, L. Rudstam, P. Hebert, H. Halbritter, T. Kelly, C. Matkovich & H. J. MacIsaac, 2001. Distribution, Fecundity, and Genetics of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 27: 19-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malyshev, V. I. & A. G. Arkhipov, 1992. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the western Black Sea. Gidrobiol. Zh./Hydrobiol. J. 28: 34-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel, A., 1992. Occurrence of post-metamorphic drifting in zebra mussels: implications on dispersal and recruitment. J. Shellfish Res. 11: 231-232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel, A., 1993. Dispersal and recruitment of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in a nearshore area in west-central Lake Erie: The significance of postmetamorphic drifting. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50: 3-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel, A., A. F. Mathieu, C. S. Findlay, S. J. Nepszy & J. H. Leach, 1994. Daily settlement rates of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, on an artificial substrate correlate with veliger abundance. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 51: 856-861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel, A., T. M. Hynes & J. Buckland-Nicks, 1995. Prodissoconch morphology, planktonic shell growth, and size at metamorphosis in Dreissena polymorpha. Can. J. Zool. 73: 1835-1844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel, A. L., B. S. Baldwin, R. M. Dermott & R. A. Lutz, 2001. Species and epilimnion/hypolimnion-related differences in size at larval settlement and metamorphosis in Dreissena (Bivalvia). Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 707-713.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, J. J., 1998. The western Pacific Brachyuran Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Grapsidae) in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: Reproduction. J. Crust. Biol. 18: 308-316.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuaid, C. D. & T. E. Phillips, 2000. Limited wind-driven dispersal of intertidal mussel larvae: in situ evidence from the plankton and the spread of the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis in South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 201: 211-220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, L. & J. J. Orsi, 1991. Selective predation by larval striped bass on native and introduced copepods. Trans. am. Fish. Soc. 120: 187-192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, E. L., R. O'Gorman, J. DeGisi, R. F. Heberger & R. A. House, 1992. Food of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Ontario before and after the establishment of Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 49: 2009-2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkina, N. I. & E. V. Pavlova, 1995. Diurnal variations of the respiration intensity in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi from the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 35: 241-245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modlin, R. F. & J. J. Orsi, 2000. Range extension of Acanthomysis hwanhaiensis Ii, 1964, to the San Francisco estuary, California, and notes on its description (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 113: 690-695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, H. A. & J. A. Drake, 1986, Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. D., 1980. Life history characteristics of two introduced populations of Mysis relicta. Ecology 61: 551-561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. D., 1981. Abundance, life history, and growth of introduced populations of the Opossum Shrimp (Mysis relicta) in subalpine California Lakes. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38: 989-993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. D., C. R. Goldman & R. C. Richards, 1981. Impact of Introduced Populations of Mysis relicta on Zooplankton in Oligotrophic Subalpine Lakes. In Sladecek, V. (ed.), Proc. Int. Assoc. Theor. Appl. Limnol. 21: 339-345.

  • Mutlu, E., 1999. Distribution and abundance of ctenophores and their zooplankton food in the Black Sea. 2. Mnemiopsis leidyi. Mar. Biol. 135: 603-613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzinic, C. J., 2000. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 26: 352-354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naesje, T. F., 1995. Effects of introduced Mysis relicta on habitat utilisation and feeding of Arctic charr. Nord. J. Freshwat. Res. 71: 359-371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumenko, E. N., 2000. The dynamics of abundance of the introducer Acartia tonsa Dana in the Vistula Gulf of the Baltic Sea. In Matishov, G. G., V. V. Denisov, et al., (eds), Species Introducers in the European Seas in Russia. Apatity (Russia), Kol'skij Nauchnyj Tsentr RAN: 113-121.

  • Naumenko, E. N. & Y. Polunina, 2000. Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov, 1891) (Cladocera, Podonidae) a new species introducer in the Vistula Gulf of the Baltic Sea. In Matishov, G. G., V. V. Denisov, et al., (eds), Species Introducers in the European Seas in Russia. Apatity (Russia), Kol'skij Nauchnyj Tsentr RAN: 121-129.

  • Neary, B. P. & J. H. Leach, 1992. Mapping the potential spread of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Ontario. Can. J. Fish aquat. Sci. 49: 406-415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neill, W. E., 1978. Experimental studies on factors limiting colonization by Daphnia pulex Leydig of coastal montane lakes in British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 56: 2498-2507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nero, R. W. & W. G. Sprules, 1986. Zooplankton species abundance and biomass in relation to occurrence of Mysis relicta (Malacostraca: Mysidacea). Can. J. Fish aquat. Sci. 43: 420-434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S. J. & M. G. Black, 1994. Identification of larvae: The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussel (Dreissena rosteriformis bugensis), and Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea). Can. J. Zool. 72: 406-417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolini, M. H. & D. L. Penry, 2000. Spawning, fertilization and larval development of Potamocorbula amurensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from San Francisco Bay, California. Pacific Science 54: 377-388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment (U.S. Congress), 1993. Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States. OTA Publication OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguz, T., H. W. Ducklow, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli & J. W. Murray, 1998. Simulations of the Black Sea pelagic ecosystem by 1-D, vertically resolved, physical-biochemical models. Fish. Oceanogr. 7: 300-304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguz, T., H. W. Ducklow, J. E. Purcell & P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 2001. Modeling the response of top-down control exerted by gelatinous carnivores on the Black Sea pelagic food web. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 4543-4564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka, S. & H. Ueda, 1999. Zoogeography of pelagic copepods in Japan and its adjacent waters. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan 46: 1-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojaveer, H. & A. Lumberg, 1995. On the role of Cercopagis (Cercopagis) pengoi (Ostroumov) in Paernu Bay and the NE part of the Gulf of Riga ecosystem. Proc. Eston. Acad. Sci., Ecol. 5: 20-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojaveer, H., L. A. Kuhns, R. P. Barbiero & M. L. Tuchman, 2001. Distribution and population characteristics of Cercopagis pengoi in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 27: 10-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojaveer, H., A. Lankov, M. Eero, J. Kotta, I. Kotta & A. Lumberg, 1999. Changes in the ecosystem of the Gulf of Riga from the 1970s to the 1990s. ICES J. mar. Sci. 56: 33-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsi, J. J., 1995. Radical changes in the estuary's zooplankton caused by introductions from ballast water. IEP Newsletter 8 (3): 16-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsi, J. J., T. E. Bowman, D. C. Marelli & A. Hutchinson, 1983. Recent introduction of the planktonic calanoid copepod Sinocalanus doerrii (Centropagidae) from mainland China to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary of California. J. Plankton Res. 5: 357-376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsi, J. J. & T. E. Walter, 1991. Pseudodiaptomus forbesi and P. marinus, the latest copepod immigrants to California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. In Uye, S.I., (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Copepoda. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan. Special Volume: 553–562.

  • Pajunen, V. I., 1986. Distributional dynamics of Daphnia species in a rock-pool environment. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 23: 131-140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palma, S., 1994. Gelatinous macroplankton distribution within a spawning area of fishes off the central coast of Chile (32 degree—33 degree S). Rev. Biol. Mar. 29: 23-45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. M., D. Simberloff, W. M. Lonsdale, K. Goodell, M. Wonham, P. M. Kareiva, M. H. Williamson, B. Von Holle, P. B. Moyle, J. E. Byers & L. Goldwasser, 1999. Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biol. Invasions 1: 3-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, W. L. & J. W. Fletcher, 1980. Two additional records of Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester in the Tennessee River system. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 55: 31-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, R. W., J. T. Carlton, D. A. Carlton & J. B. Geller, 1997. Ballast water as a vector for tintinnid transport. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 149: 295-297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkerson, D. G., M. A. Doblin, S. M. Bollens, S. N. Luoma & G. A. Cutter, Submitted. Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions. Estuaries.

  • Ram, J. L. & R. F. McMahon, 1996. Introduction: the biology, ecology, and physiology of zebra mussels. Am. Zool. 36: 239-243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner, N. A., 1988. First record of Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester (Cnidaria: Limnomedusae) from Africa. Hydrobiologia 162: 73-77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, D. P., J. J. Herod & J. B. Sickel, 1998. Variations in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) veliger densities throughout 1996 at Dam 52 on the lower Ohio River. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 13: 255-261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, C. B. & J. G. Cattley, 1949. Processa aequimana Paulson in the North Sea. Nature 149: 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. T. & L. A. Gershwin, 2000. Non-indigenous hydromedusae in California's upper San Francisco Estuary: life cycles, distribution, and potential environmental impacts. Sci. Mar. 64: 73-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J.W. & R. M. Pinto-Coelho, 1994. An Afro-Asian continental copepod, Mesocyclops ogunnus, found in Brazil; with a new key to the species of Mesocyclops in South America and a review of intercontinental introductions of copepods. Limnologica. 24: 359-368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reise, K., S. Gollasch & W. J. Wolff, 1999. Introduced marine species of the North Sea coasts. Helgolanderwiss Meeresunters. 52: 219-234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieman, B. E. & C. M. Falter, 1981. Effect of the establishment of Mysis relicta on the macrozooplankton of a large lake. Trans. am. Fish. Soc. 110: 613-620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanova, Z. A., G. A. Finenko & N. A. Shadrin, 1999. First record of alien species Beroe ovata (Ctenophora) near the Crimea coast. Vestn. Zool. 33: 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, G. M., J. T. Carlton, E. D. Grosholz & A. H. Hines, 1997. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by nonindigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. Am. Zool. 37: 621-632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, G. M., T. K. Rawlings, F. C. Dobbs, L. A. Drake, T. Mullady, A. Huq & R. R. Colwell, 2000. Global spread of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408: 49-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salemaa, H. & V. Hietalahti, 1993. Hemimysis anomala G.O. Sars (Crustacea: Mysidacea) — immigration of a pontocaspian mysid into the Baltic Sea. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 30: 271-276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander, F. & E. Moore, 1979. The colonization of Barbados coastal waters by the copepod Oithona oculata. Crustaceana 36: 215-224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. F., III, 1993. Distribution of Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the southern Great Plains, with notes on zoogeography. J. Crust. Biol. 13: 564-570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, P. A., K. G. Porter & B. E. Taylor, 1999. Population dynamics of Daphnia spp. and implications for trophic interactions in small, monomictic lake. J. Plankton Res. 21: 1823-1845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger, P. J., 1991. Seasonal incidence of Bythotrephes cederstroemi in the diet of yellow perch (ages 0–4) in Little Bay de Noc, Lake Michigan, 1988. J. Great Lakes Res. 17: 281-285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. L. & P. M. Yurista, 1995. Diet composition from allozyme analysis in the predatory cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 821-826.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiganova, T., A. N. Tarkan, A. Dede & M. Cebeci, 1995. Distribution of the ichthyo-jellyplankton Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz, 1865) in theMarmara Sea (October 1992). T. J. mar. Sci. 1: 3-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. L. & P. M. Yurista, 1998. Implications of an invertebrate predator's (Bythotrephes cederstroemi) atypical effects on a pelagic zooplankton community. Hydrobiologia 380: 179-193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiganova, T. A., 1998. Invasion of the Black Sea by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and recent changes in pelagic community structure. Fish. Oceanogr. 7: 305-310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiganova, T. A. & Y. V. Bulgakova, 2000. Effects of gelatinous plankton on Black Sea and Sea of Azov fish and their food resources. ICES J. mar. Sci. 57: 641-648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiganova, T. A., Y. Bulgakova, P. Sorokin & Y. Lukashev, 2000. Investigation of a new settler Beroe ovata in the Black Sea. Proc. Russ. Acad. Sci. 2: 248-256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shurin, J. B., 2000. Dispersal limitation, invasion resistance, and the structure of pond zooplankton communities. Ecology 81: 3074-3086.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shushkina, E. & E. Musaeva, 1990. Structure of planktonic community from the Black Sea epipelagial and its changes as a result of introduction of a ctenophore species. Okeanologiya 30: 306-310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shushkina, E., G. G. Nikolaeva & T. A. Lukasheva, 1990. Variation in the Black Sea plankton community structure caused by mass development of ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz). J. Gen. Biol. (Moscow) 51: 54-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shushkina, E. & M. E. Vinogradov, 1991. Long-term changes of plankton biomass in open areas of the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 31: 973-980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. & B. Von Holle, 1999. Positive interactions of nonindigenous species; invasional meltdown? Biol. Invas. 1: 21-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad, C. A., C. A. Morgan, J. R. Cordell & J. A. Baross, 1994. Flux, passive retention, and active residence of zooplankton in Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima. In Dyer, K. & R. Orth, (eds), Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management. Olsen & Olsen: 473-482.

  • Smith, L. D., M. J. Wonham, L. D. McCann, G. M. Ruiz, A. H. Hines & J. T. Carlton, 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biol. Invasions 1: 67-87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spadinger, R. & G. Maier, 1999. Prey selection and diel feeding of the freshwater jellyfish, Craspedacusta sowerbyi. Freshwat. Biol. 41: 567-573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprules, W. G., H. P. Riessen & E. H. Jin, 1990. Dynamics of the Bythotrephes invasion of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 16: 346-351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stella, E., 1989. A contribution to the knowledge of Boeckella triarticulata (Copepoda Calanoida) from some fishponds in northern Italy. Rivista di Idrobiologia 28: 199-210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, G., 1989. The role of the colonization by a herbivore Daphnia pulex on the zooplankton community of tropical Lake Yure (Honduras), 1980-1986. Diss. Abst. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng. 49: 239 pp.

  • Stoeckel, J. A., L. Camlin, K. D. Blodgett & R. E. Sparks, 1996. Establishment of Daphnia lumholtzi (an exotic zooplankter) in the Illinois River. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 11: 377-379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckel, J. A., D. W. Schneider, L. A. Soeken, K. D. Blodgett & R. E. Sparks, 1997. Larval dynamics of a riverine metapopulation: Implications for zebra mussel recruitment, dispersal, and control in a large-river system. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 16: 586-601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeker, D. K., P. G. Verity, A. E. Michaels & L. H. Davis, 1987. Feeding by larval and post-larval ctenophores on microzooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 9: 667-682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, M., 1998. Mya arenaria — an ancient invader of the North Sea coast. Helgolaenderwiss Meeresunters. 52: 309-324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Studenikina, Y., S. P. Volovik, I. A. Mirzoyan & G. I. Luts, 1992. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Sea of Azov. Oceanol. Acad. Sci. USSR 31: 722-725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Morales, E., J. McLelland & J. Reid, 1999. The planktonic copepods of coastal saline ponds of the Cayman Islands with special reference to the occurrence of Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, an apparently introduced Afro-Asian cyclopoid. Gulf Res. Rep. 11: 51-55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi, A., 1974. Mysids and euphausids in the Eastern Indian Ocean with particular reference to invasion of species from the Banda Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 16: 349-357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. J. & P. D. Hebert, 1993. Cryptic intercontinental hybridization in Daphnia (Crustacea): the ghost of introduction past. Proc. r. Soc. Lond. Ser. 254: 163-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telesh, I. V., P. I. Krylov, P. V. Bolshagin, L. F. Litvinchuk & V. E. Panov, 2000. The peculiarities of biology of the pontian-caspian Cladocera Cercopagis pengoi (Crustacea: Onychophoda) in the Baltic Sea. In Matishov, G. G., V. V. Denisov, et al., (ed.), Species Introducers in the European Seas in Russia. Apatity (Rusia), Kol'skij Nauchnyj Tsentr RAN: 130-151.

  • Threlked, T., 1981. The recolonization of Lake Tahoe by Bosmina longirostris: evaluating the importance of reduced Mysis relicta populations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26: 433-444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Threlkeld, S. T., J. T. Rybock, M. D. Morgan, C. L. Folt & C. R. Goldman, 1980. The effects of an introduced invertebrate predator and food resource variation on zooplankton dynamics in an ultraoligotrophic lake. In Kerfoot, W. C. (ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. The University of New Hampshire Press, Hanover (N.H.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohtz, J., 1993. Lake whitefish diet and growth after the introduction of Mysis relicta to Flathead Lake, Montana. Trans. am. Fish. Soc. 122: 629-635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsikhon-Lukanina, E. A., O. G. Reznichenko & T. A. Lukasheva, 1991. Quantitative characteristics of feeding of the Black Sea ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Okeanologiya 31: 272-276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsikhon-Lukanina, E. A., O. G. Reznichenko & T. A. Lukasheva, 1993. The level of fish larvae consumption by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the inshore waters of the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 33: 895-899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsikhon-Lukanina, E. A., O. G. Reznichenko & T. A. Lukasheva, 1999. Diet diversity of ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) from the Black Sea Bay. Zool. Zh. 78: 916-921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, H. & S. Ohtsuka, 1998. Redescription and taxonomic status of Sinodiaptomus valkanovi, a common limnoplanktonic calanoid copepod in Japan, with comparison to the closely related S. sarsi. Hydrobiologia 379: 159-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uitto, A., E. Gorokhova & P. Valipakka, 1999. Distribution of the non-indigenous Cercopagis pengoi in the coastal waters of the eastern Gulf of Finland. ICES J. mar. Sci. 56: 49-57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderploeg, H. A., J. R. Liebig & M. Omair, 1993. Bythotrephes predation on Great Lakes' zooplankton measured by an in situ method: implications for zooplankton community structure. Arch. Hydrobiol. 127: 1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanni, M. J., 1986. Competition in zooplankton communities: suppression of small species by Daphnia pulex. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1039-1056.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanni, M. J., 1987. Colonization dynamics and life history traits of seven Daphnia pulex genotypes. Oecologia 72: 263-271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanni, M. J., 1988. Freshwater zooplankton community structure: Introduction of large invertebrate predators and large herbivores to a small-species community. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 45: 1758-1770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, M. E., E. Shushkina, Y. Bulgakova & Serobaba, II, 1995. Consumption of zooplankton by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and pelagic fish in the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 35: 569-573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, M. E., E. Shushkina, E. Musaeva & P. Sorokin, 1989. The comb-jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) (Ctenophora: Lobata), a newly-introduced species in the Black Sea. Okeanologiya 29: 293-299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, A. H. & J. Li, 2000. Recent changes in the zooplankton assemblage of Waldo Lake, Oregon. Lake Reserv. Manage. 16: 114-123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volovik, S. P., Z. A. Mirzoyan & E. I. Studenikina, 1996. Assessment of the consequences of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi introduction in the Azov Sea. Rybn. Khoz. 1: 48-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volovik, Y. S., A. P. Volovik & Z. A. Myrzoyan, 1995. Modelling the Mnemiopsis sp. population in the Azov Sea. Proceedings of a Conference on Zooplankton Production. ICES J. mar. Sci. 52: 735-746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlstrom, E. & E. Westman, 1999. Planktivory by the predacious cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus: effects on zooplankton size structure and abundance. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 56: 1865-1872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weider, L. J., 1991. Allozymic variation in Bythotrephes cederstroemi; A recent invader of the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 17: 141-143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. J., 1977. Nine months of ballast water studies. Aust. mar. Sci. Bull.: 9 pp.

  • Williams, R. J., F. B. Griffiths, E. J. Van der Wal. & J. Kelly, 1988. Cargo vessel ballast water as a vector for the transport of nonindigenous marine species. Est. coast. shelf Sci. 26: 409-420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, M., 1996. Biological Invasions. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A. E., D. W. Willis & G. J. Power, 1994. Mysis relicta collected in the Missouri River below Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 9: 343-347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Work, K. & M. Gophen, 1995. The invasion of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) into Lake Texoma (U.S.A.). Arch. Hydrobiol. 133: 287-303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Work, K. & M. Gophen, 1999. Environmental variability and the population dynamics of the exotic Daphnia lumholtzi and native zooplankton in Lake Texoma, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 405: 11-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Work, K. A. & M. Gophen, 1999. Factors which affect the abundance of an invasive cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi, in U.S. reservoirs. Freshwat. Biol. 42: 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. A., E. M. Setzler-Hamilton, J. A. Magee, V. S. Kennedy & S. P. McIninch, 1996. Effect of salinity and temperature on survival and development of young zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena bugensis) mussels. Estuaries 19: 619-628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N. D., W. I. Dunlop, T. W. Pawson & L. E. MacKay, 1992. Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Schoedler) in Muskoka lakes: First records of the European invader in inland lakes in Canada. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 49: 422-426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N. D. & T. W. Pawson, 1997. Changes in the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake, Canada, following invasion by Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Freshwat. Biol. 37: 409-425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N. D. & T. W. Pawson, 1998. Seasonal variation in the size and abundance of the invading Bythotrephes in Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada. Hydrobiologia 361: 157-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurista, P. M., 1992. Embryonic and postembryonic development in Bythotrephes cederstroemii. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 49: 1118-1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurista, P. M., 1997. Bythotrephes cederstroemi diapausing egg distribution and abundance in LakeMichigan and the environmental cues for breaking diapause. J. Great Lakes Res. 23: 202-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurista, P. M. & K. L. Schulz, 1995. Bioenergetic analysis of prey consumption by Bythotrephes cederstroemi in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 52: 141-150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurista, P. M. & K. L. Schulz, 1996. Comments on “a model for growth, development, and diet selection by the invertebrate predator Bythotrephes cederstroemi” by J. T. Lehman and D. K. Branstrator. J. Great Lakes Res. 21: 610-619. J. Great Lakes Res. 22: 925–929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaika, V. & N. G. Sergeyeva, 1990. Morphology and development of Mnemiopsis mccradyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) in the Black Sea. Hydrobiol. J. 26: 1-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaitsev, Y., 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fish. Oceanogr. 1: 180-189.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, U.S.A

    Stephen M. Bollens, Sean Avent & Rian Hooff

  2. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, U.S.A

    Stephen M. Bollens

  3. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A.

    Jeffery R. Cordell

Authors
  1. Stephen M. Bollens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffery R. Cordell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sean Avent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rian Hooff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bollens, S.M., Cordell, J.R., Avent, S. et al. Zooplankton invasions: a brief review, plus two case studies from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Hydrobiologia 480, 87–110 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021233018533

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021233018533

Search

Navigation