Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Expression Profiling with Oligonucleotide Arrays: Technologies and Applications for Neurobiology

  • Published:
Neurochemical Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

DNA microarrays have been used in applications ranging from the assignment of gene function to analytical uses in prognostics. However, the detection sensitivity, cross hybridization, and reproducibility of these arrays can affect experimental design and data interpretation. Moreover, several technologies are available for fabrication of oligonucleotide microarrays. We review these technologies and performance attributes and, with data sets generated from human brain RNA, present statistical tools and methods to analyze data quality and to mine and visualize the data. Our data show high reproducibility and should allow an investigator to discern biological and regional variability from differential expression. Although we have used brain RNA as a model system to illustrate some of these points, the oligonucleotide arrays and methods employed in this study can be used with cell lines, tissue sections, blood, and other fluids. To further demonstrate this point, we provide data generated from total RNA sample sizes of 200 ng.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Brown, P. O. and Botstein, D. 1999. Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nat. Genet. 21 (suppl. 1):33-37.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Young, R. A. 2000. Biomedical discovery with DNA arrays. Cell 102:9-15.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lockhart, D. J. and Winzeler, E. A. 2000. Genomics, gene expression, and DNA arrays. Nature 405:827-836.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bassett, D. E., Jr., Eisen, M. B., and Boguski, M. S. 1999. Gene expression infomatics-it's all in your mine. Nat. Genet. 21 (suppl. 1):51-55.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Quackenbush, J. 2001. Computational analysis of microarray data. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:418-427.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Heller, R., Schena, M., Chai, A., Shalon, D., Bedilion, T., Gilmore, J., Woolley, D. E., and Davis, R. W. 1997. Discovery and analysis of inflammatory disease-related genes using cDNA microarrays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:2150-2155.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Marton, M. J., DeRisi, J. L., Bennett, H. A., Iyer, V. R., Meyer, M. R., Roberts, C., Stoughton, R., Burchard, J., Slade, D., Dai, H., Bassett, D. E., Jr., Hartwell, L. H., Brown, P. O., and Friend, S. H. 1998. Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays. Nat. Med. 4: 1293-1301.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Huang, P., Feng, L., Oldham, E. A., Keating, M. J., and Plunkett, W. 2000. Superoxide dismutase as a target for the selective killing of cancer cells. Nature 407:390-395.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lam, L. T., Pickeral, O. K., Peng, A. C., Rosenwald, A., Hurt, E. M., Giltnane, J. M., Averett, L. M., Zhao, H., Davis, R. E., Sathyamoorthy, M., Wahl, L. M., Harris, E. D., Mikovits, J. A., Monks, A. P., Hollingshead, M. G., Sausville, E. A., and Staudt, L. M. 2001. Genomic-scale measurement of mRNA turnover and the mechanisms of action of the anti-cancer drug flavopiridol. Genome Biol. 2:41.1-41.11.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Iyer, V. R., Eisen, M. B., Ross, D. T., Schuler, G., Moore, T., Lee, J. C. F., Trent, J. M., Staudt, L. M., Hudson, J. Jr., Boguski, M. S., Lashkari, D., Shalon, D., Botstein, D., and Brown, P. O. 1999. The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum. Science 283:83-87.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Perou, C. M., Sorlie, T., Eisen, M. B., van de Rijn, M., Jeffrey, S. S., Rees, C. A., Pollack, J. R., Ross, D. T., Johnsen, H., Akslen, L. A., Fluge, O., Pergamenschikov, A., Williams, C., Zhu, S. X., Lonning, P. E., Borresen-Dale, A.-L., Brown, P. O., and Botstein, D. 2000. Molecular portraits of human breast tumors. Nature 406:747-752.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bittner, M., Meltzer, P., Chen, Y., Jiang, Y., Seftor, E., Hendrix, M., Radmacher, M., Simon, R., Yakhini, Z., Ben-Dor, A., Sampas, N., Dougherty, E., Wang, E., Marincola, F., Gooden, C., Lueders, J., Glatfelter, A., Pollock, P., Carpten, J., Gillanders, E., Leja, D., Dietrich, K., Beaudry, C., Berens, M., Alberts, D., Sondak, V., Hayward, N., and Trent, J. 2000. Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling. Nature 406:536-540.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Shoemaker, D. D., Schadt, E. E., Armour, C. D., He, Y. D., Garrett-Engele, P., McDonagh, P. D., Loerch, P. M., Leonardson, A., Lum, P. Y., Cavet, G., Wu, L. F., Altschuler, S. J., Edwards, S., King, J., Tsang, J. S., Schimmack, G., Schelter, J. M., Koch, J., Ziman, M., Marton, M. J., Li, B., Cundiff, P., Ward, T., Castle, J., Krolewski, M., Meyer, M. R., Mao, M., Burchard, J., Kidd, M. J., Dai, H., Phillips, J. W., Linsley, P. S., Stoughton, R., Scherer, S., and Boguski, M. S. 2001. Experimental annotation of the human genome using microarray technology. Nature 409:922-927.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Scherf, U., Ross, D. T., Waltham, M., Smith, L. H., Lee, J. K., Tanabe, L., Kohn, K. W., Reinhold, W. C., Myers, T. G., Andrews, D. T., Scudiero, D. A., Eisen, M. B., Sausville, E. A., Pommier, Y., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O., and Weinstein, J. N. 2000. A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Nat. Genet. 24:236-244.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Staunton, J. E., Slonim, D. K., Coller, H. A., Tamayo, P., Angelo, M. J., Park, J., Scherf, U., Lee, J. K., Reinhold, W. O., Weinstein, J. N., Mesirov, J. P., Lander, E. S., and Golub, T. R. 2001. Chemosensitivity prediction by transcriptional profiling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:10787-10792.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Alizedah, A. A., Eisen, M. B., Davis, R. E., Ma, C., Lossos, I. S., Rosenwald, A., Boldrick, J. C., Sabet, H., Tran, T., Yu, X., Powell, J. I., Yang, L., Marti, G. E., Moore, T., Hudson, J., Jr., Lu, L., Lewis, D. B., Tibshirani, R., Sherlock, G., Chan, W. C., Greiner, T. C., Weisenburger, D. D., Armitage, J. O., Warnke, R., Levy, R., Wilson, W., Grever, M. R., Byrd, J. C., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O., and Staudt, L. M. 2000. Distinct types of B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403:503-511.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Golub, T. R., Slonim, D. K., Tamayo, P., Huard, C., Gaasenbeek, M., Mesirov, J. P., Coller, H., Loh, M. L., Downing, J. R., Caligiuri, M. A., Bloomfield, C. D., and Lander, E. S. 1999. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531-537.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Unger, M. A., Rishi, M., Clemmer, V. B., Hartman, J. L., Keiper, E. A., Greshock, J. D., Chodosh, L. A., Liebman, M. N., and Weber, B. L. 2001. Characterization of adjacent breast tumors using oligonucleotide microarrays. Breast Cancer Res. 3:336-341.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bhattacharjee, A., Richards, W. G., Staunton, J., Li, C., Monti, S., Vasa, P., Ladd, C., Beheshti, J., Bueno, R., Gillette, M., Loda, M., Weber, G., Mark, E. J., Lander, E. S., Wong, W., Johnson, B. E., Golub, T. R., Sugarbaker, D. J., and Meyerson, M. 2001. Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:13790-13795.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Garber, M. E., Troyanskaya, O. G., Schluens, K, Petersen, S., Thaesler, Z., Pacyna-Gengelbach, M., van de Rijn, M., Rosen, G. D., Perou, C. M., Whyte, R. I., Altman, R. B., Brown, P. O., Bolstein D., and Petersen, I. 2001. Diversity of gene expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 13784-13789.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pomeroy, S. L., Tamayo, P., Gaasenbeek, M., Sturla, L. M., Angelo, M., McLaughlin, M. E., Kim, J. Y., Goumnerova, L. C., Black, P. M., Lau, C., Allen, J. C., Zagzag, D., Olson, J. M., Curran, T., Wetmore, C., Biegel, J. A., Poggio, T., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin, R., Califano, A., Stolovitzky, G., Louis, D. N., Mesirov, J. P., Lander, E. S., and Golub, T. R. 2002. Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature 415:436-442.

    Google Scholar 

  22. van't Veer, L. J., Dai, H., van de Vijver, M. J., He, Y. D., Hart, A. A. M., Mao, M., Peterse, H. L., van der Kooy, K., Marton, M. J., Witteveen, A. T., Schreiber, G. J., Kerkhoven, R. M., Roberts, C., Linsley, P. S., Bernards, R., and Friend, S. H. 2002. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530-536.

    Google Scholar 

  23. McCarthy, J. J. and Hilfiker, R. 2000. The use of single nucleotide polymorphism maps in pharmacogenomics. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:505-508

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sandberg, R., Yasuda, R., Pankratz, D. G., Carter, T. A., Del Rio, J. A., Wodicka, L., Mayford, M., Lockhart, D. J., and Barlow, C. 2000. Regional and strain-specific gene expression mapping in the adult mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 97:11038-11043.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zirlinger, M., Kreiman, G., and Anderson, D. J. 2001. Amygdalaenriched genes identified by microarray technology are restricted to specific amygdaloid subnuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98:5270-5275.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mody, M., Cao, Y., Cui, Z., Tay, K. Y., Shyong, A., Shimizu, E., Pham, K., Schultz, P., Welsh, D., and Tsien, J. Z. 2001. Genome-wide gene expression profiles of the developing mouse hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98:8862-8867.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Konu, O., Kane, J. K., Barrett, T., Vawter, M. P., Chang, R., Ma, J. Z., Donovan, D. M., Sharp, B., Becker, K. G., and Li, M. D. 2001. Region-specific transcriptional response to chronic nicotine in rat brain. Brain Res. 909:194-203.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chabas, D., Baranzini, S. E., Mitchell, D., Bernard, C. C., Rittling, S. R., Denhardt, D. T., Sobel, R. A., Lock, C., Karpuj, M., Pedotti, R., Heller, R., Oksenberg, J. R., and Steinman, L. 2001. The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease. Science 294:1731-1735.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jin, K., Mao, X. O., Eshoo, M. W., Nagayama, T., Minami, M., Simon, R. P., and Greenberg, D. A. 2001. Microarray analysis of hippocampal gene expression in global cerebral ischemia. Ann Neurol. 50:93-103.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hakak, Y., Walker, J. R., Li, C, Wong, W. H., Davis, K. L., Buxbaum, J. D., Haroutunian, V., and Fienberg, A. A. 2001. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:4746-4751.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mirnics, K, Middleton, F. A., Marquez, A, Lewis, D. A., and Levitt, P. 2000. Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 28:53-67.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pasinetti, G. M. 2001. Use of cDNA microarray in the search for molecular markers involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease dementia. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:471-476.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Brown, V. M., Ossadtchi, A., Khan, A. H., Cherry, S. R., Leahy, R. M., and Smith, D. J. 2002. High-throughput imaging of brain gene expression. Genome Res. 12:244-254.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lipshutz, R. J., Fodor, S. P. A., Gingeras, T. R., and Lockhart, D. J. 1999. High density synthetic oligonucleotide arrays. Nat. Genet. 21(suppl 1):20-24.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hughes, T. R., Mao, M., Jones, A. R., Burchard, J., Marton, M. J., Shannon, K. W., Lefkowitz, S. M., Ziman, M., Schelter, J. M., Meyer, M. R., Kobayashi, S., Davis, C., Dai, H., He, Y. D., Stephaniants, S. B., Cavet, G., Walker, W. L., West, A., Coffey, E., Shoemaker, D. D., Stoughton, R., Blanchard, A. P., Friend, S. H., and Linsley, P. S. 2001. Expression profiling using microarrays fabricated by an ink-jet oligonucleotide synthesizer. Nat. Biotech. 19:342-347.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kane, M. D., Jatkoe, T. A., Stumpf, C. R., Lu, J., Thomas, J. D., and Madore, S. J. 2000. Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of oligonucleotide (50mer) microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:4552-4557.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hu, G. K., Madore, S. J., Moldover, B., Jatkoe, T., Balaban, D., Thomas, J., and Wang, Y. 2001. Predicting splice variant from DNA chip expression data. Genome Res. 11:1237-1245.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Wodicka, L., Dong, H., Mittmann, M., Ho, M.-H., and Lockhart, D. J. 1997. Genome-wide expression monitoring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat. Biotechnol. 15:1359-1367.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hill, A. A., Hunter, C. P., Tsung, B. T., Tucker-Kellogg, and Brown, E. L. 2000. Genomic analysis of gene expression in C. elegans. Science 290:809-812.

    Google Scholar 

  40. McDonald, M. J. and Rosbash, M. 2001. Microarray analysis and organization of circadian gene expression in Drosophila. Cell 107:567-578.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Irving, P, Troxler, L, Heuer, T. S., Belvin, M., Kopczynski, C., Reichhart, J. M., Hoffmann, J. A., and Hetru, C. 2001. A genome-wide analysis of immune responses in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:15119-15124.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Selinger, D. W., Cheung, K. J., Mei, R., Johansson, E. M., Richmond, C. S., Blattner, F. R., Lockhart, D. J., and Church, G. M. 2000. RNA expression analysis using a 30 base pair resolution Escherichia coli genome array. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 1262-1268.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Baugh, L. R., Hill, A. A., Brown, E. L., and Hunter, C. P. 2001. Quantitative analysis of mRNA amplification by in vitro transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:e29.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fodor, S. P. A., Read, J. L., Pirrung, M. C., Stryer, L., Lu, A. T., and Solas, D. 1991. Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science 251:767-773.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Maskos, U. and Southern, E. M. 1992. Oligonucleotide hybridizations on glass supports: a novel linker for oligonucleotide synthesis and hybridization properties of oligonucleotides synthesized in situ. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1679-1684.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nanthakumar, A., Pon, R. T., Mazumder, A., Yu, S., and Watson, A. 2000. Solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis and flow cytometric analysis with microspheres encoded with covalently attached fluorophores. Bioconj. Chem. 11:282-288.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Singh-Gasson, S., Green, R. D., Yue, Y., Nelson, C., Blattner, F., Sussman, M. R., and Cerrina, F. 1999. Maskless fabrication of light-directed oligonucleotide microarrays using a digital micromirror array. Nat. Biotechnol. 17:974-978.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gao, X., LeProust, E., Zhang, H., Srivannavit, O., Gulari, E., Yu, P., Nishiguchi, C., Xiang, Q., and Zhou, X. 2001. A flexible light-directed DNA chip synthesis gated by deprotection using solution photogenerated acids. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:4744-4750.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Butler, J. H., Cronin, M., Anderson, K. M., Biddison, G. M., Chatelain, F., Cummer, M., Davi, D. J., Fisher, L., Frauendorf, A. W., Frueh, F. W., Gjerstad, C., Harper, T. F., Kernahan, S. D., Long, D. Q., Pho, M., Walker, J. A., 2nd and Brennan, T. M. 2001. In situ synthesis of oligonucleotide arrays by using surface tension. I. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:8887-8894.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Elghanian, R., Xu, Y., McGowen, J., Siethoff, M., Liu, C. G., Winick, J., Fuller, N., Ramakrishnan, R., Beuhler, A., Johnson, T., Mazumder, A., and Brush, C. 2001. The use and evaluation of 212 photoaddition in immobilization of oligonucleotides on a three dimensional hydrogel matrix. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 20:1371-1375.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ramakrishnan, R., Dorris, D., Lublinsky, A., Nguyen, A., Domanus, M., Prokhorova, A., Gieser, L., Touma, E., Lockner, R., Tata, M., Zhu, X., Patterson, M., Shippy, R., Sendera, T., and Mazumder, A. 2002. An assessment of Motorola Codelink microarray performance for gene expression profiling applications. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:in press.

  52. Kwiatkowski, M., Fredriksson, S., Isaksson, A., Nilsson, M., and Landegren, U. 1999. Inversion of in situ synthesized oligonucleotides: improved reagents for hybridization and primer extension in DNA microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:4710-4714.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chrisey, L. A., O'Ferall, C. E., Spargo, B. J., Dulcey, C. S., and Calvert, J. M. 1996. Fabrication of patterned DNA surfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3040-3047.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Beier, M. and Hoheisel, J. D. 2000. Production by quantitative photolithographic synthesis of individually quality checked DNA microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:e11.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lindroos, K., Liljedahl, U., Raitio, M., and Syvanen, A.-C. 2001. Minisequencing on oligonucleotide microarrays: comparison of immobilization chemistries. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:e69.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lemeshko, S. V., Powdrill, T., Belosludtsev, Y. Y., and Hogan, M. 2001. Oligonucleotides form a duplex with non-helical properties on a positively charged surface. Nucleic Acids Res. 29: 3051-3058.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Chee, M., Yang, R., Hubbell, E., Berno, A., Huang, X. C., Stern, D., Winkler, J., Lockhart, D. J., Morris, M. S., and Fodor, S. P. 1991. Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays. Science 274:610-614.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Yang, L., Tran, D. K., and Wang, X. 2001. BADGE, Beads Array for the Detection of Gene Expression, a high-throughput diagnostic bioassay. Genome Res. 11:1888-1898.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kononen, J., Bubendorf, L., Kallioniemi, A., Barlund, M., Schraml, P., Leighton, S., Torhorst, J., Mihatsch, M. J., Sauter, G., and Kallioniemi, O. P. 1998. Tissue microarrays for highthroughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat. Med. 4:844-847.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Yan, H., Dobbie, Z., Gruber, S. B., Markowitz, S., Romans, K., Giardiello, F. M., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 2002. Small changes in expression affect predisposition to tumorigenesis. Nat. Genet. 30:25-26.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jin, W., Riley, R. M., Wolfinger, R. D., White, K. P., Passador-Gurgel, G., and Gibson, G. 2001. The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Genet. 29:389-395.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Chaudhari, N. and Hahn, W. E. 1983. Genetic expression in the developing brain. Science 220:924-928.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Pritchard, C. C., Hsu, L., Delrow, J., and Nelson, P. S. 2001. Project normal: defining normal variance in mouse gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98:13266-3271.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lee, P. D., Sladek, R., Greenwood, C. M., and Hudson, T. J. 2002. Control genes and variability: absence of ubiquitous reference transcripts in diverse mammalian expression studies. Genome Res. 12:292-297.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Yue, H., Eastman, P. S., Wang, B. B., Minor, J., Doctolero, M. H., Nuttall, R. L., Stack, R., Becker, J. W., Montgomery, J. R., Vainer, M., and Johnston, R. 2001. An evaluation of the performance of cDNA microarrays for detecting changes in global gene expression. Nuc. Acids Res. 29:e41.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lee, M.-L. T., Kuo, F. C., Whitmore, G. A., and Sklar, J. 2000. Importance of replication in microarray gene expression studies: statistical methods and evidence from repetitive cDNA hybridizations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 97:9834-9839.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Simpson, R. J., Jr., Johnson, T. A., and Amara, I. A. 1988. The box-plot: an exploratory analysis graph for biomedical publications. Am. Heart J. 116:1663-1665.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Williamson, D. F., Parker, R. A., and Kendrick, J. S. 1989. The box plot: a simple visual method to interpret data. Ann. Intern. Med. 110:916-921.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kerr, M. K. and Churchill, G. A. 2001. Statistical design and the analysis of gene expression microarray data. Genet. Res. 77:123-128.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jia, M. H., Larossa, R. A., Lee, J. M., Rafalski, A., Derose, E., Gonye, G., and Xue, Z. 2000. Global expression profiling of yeast treated with an inhibitor of amino acid biosynthesis, sulfometuron methyl. Physiol. Genomics 3:83-92.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Arfin, S. M., Long, A. D., Ito, E. T., Tolleri, L., Riehle, M. M., Paegle, E. S., and Hatfield, G. W. 2000. Global gene expression profiling in Escherichia coli K12. The effects of integration host factor. J. Biol. Chem. 275:29672-29684.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Chow, N., Cox, C., Callahan, L. M., Weimer, J. M., Guo, L., and Coleman, P. D. 1998. Expression profiles of multiple genes in single neurons of Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95:9620-9625.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Canete-Soler, R., Wu, J., Zhai, J., Shamim, M., and Schlaepfer, W. W. 2001. p190RhoGEF Binds to a destabilizing element in the 39 untranslated region of light neurofilament subunit mRNA and alters the stability of the transcript. J. Biol. Chem. 276:32046-32050.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Alvarez-Bolado, G., Rodriguez-Sanchez, P., Tejero-Diez, P., Fairen, A., and Diez-Guerra, F. J. 1996. Neurogranin in the development of the rat telencephalon. Neuroscience 73:565-580.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Elson, G. C., de Coignac, A. B., Aubry, J. P., Delneste, Y., Magistrelli, G., Holzwarth, J., Bonnefoy, J. Y., and Gauchat, J. F. 1999. BSMAP, a novel protein expressed specifically in the brain whose gene is localized on chromosome 19p12. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264:55-62.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bellocchio, E. E., Reimer, R. J., Fremeau, R. T., Jr., and Edwards, R. H. 2000 Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter. Science 289:957-960.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Liang, R., Limesand, S. W., and Anthony, R. V. 1999. Structure and transcriptional regulation of the ovine placental lactogen gene. Eur. J. Biochem. 265:883-895.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Ginsberg, S. D., Crino, P. B., Hemby, S. E., Weingarten, J. A., Lee, V. M., Eberwine, J. H., and Trojanowski, J. Q. 1999. Predominance of neuronal mRNA in individual Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. Ann. Neurol. 45:174-181.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ginsberg, S. D., Hemby, S. E., Lee, V. M., Eberwine, J. H., and Trojanowski, J. Q. 2000. Expression profile of transcripts in Alzheimer's disease tangle-bearing CA1 neurons. Ann. Neurol. 48:77-87.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Motorola Life Sciences, Northbrook, IL

    Timothy J. Sendera, David Dorris, Ramesh Ramakrishnan, Allen Nguyen, Dionisios Trakas & Abhijit Mazumder

Authors
  1. Timothy J. Sendera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David Dorris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramesh Ramakrishnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Allen Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dionisios Trakas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Abhijit Mazumder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sendera, T.J., Dorris, D., Ramakrishnan, R. et al. Expression Profiling with Oligonucleotide Arrays: Technologies and Applications for Neurobiology. Neurochem Res 27, 1005–1026 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020948603490

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020948603490

Search

Navigation