Abstract
Ni-2V, Ni-5V, Ni-12V, Ni-10Cr, Ni-20Cr, andNi-3Nb alloys were carburized in 1.5 v/oC3H6 (bal. H2) over therange 700-1000°C. Carburization of Ni-5V, Ni-12V,Ni-20Cr, and Ni-3Nb obeyed the parabolic rate law. Ni2V and Ni-10Cr, however, formed onlythin carbide scales upon carburizing. Carburizationrates decreased with increased vanadium content fromNi-5V to Ni-12V for all exposure conditions. V4C3 formed throughout the reaction zones of Ni-12V.Cr3C2 formed in the surfaceregions and Cr7C3 formed withinthe interior of Ni-20Cr. NbC precipitated in Ni-3Nbunder all conditions. The precipitate morphology changed with temperature and distance from thegas-metal surface. V4C3 andCr3C2 particles were generallysmall and spheroidal near the surface of Ni-12V andNi-20Cr, respectively, increasing slightly in size with distance from the surface and withincreasing temperature. The vanadium and chromiumcarbides formed intergranular networks toward thereaction fronts. The NbC precipitates were generallylarge and became Widmanstatten at increasing distancewithin the carburized zone of Ni-3Nb. Expressions forthe diffusion coefficient of carbon in nickel from themeasured permeabilities and carbon solubility data were determined. Solubility products weredetermined for all of the carbides formed and found tobe large in comparison with the product of theactivities of the precipitate elements. Wagner's theory of internal oxidation was shown to be anapproximation to the carburization kinetics attemperatures of 900°C or higher.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
G. M. Smith, D. J. Young, and D. L. Trimm, Oxid. Met. 18, 229 (1982).
G. Horz, in Proc. Symp. High Temperature Materials Chemistry IV, Z. A. Munir and D. Cubicciotti, eds. (Electrochem. Soc., Pennington, NJ, 1988), p. 111.
O. Demel and H. P. Degisher, in Behavior of High Temperature Alloys in Aggressive Environments, EUR 6814, I. Kirman, J. B. Marriott, M. Merz, P. R. Sahm, and D. P. Whittle, eds. (The Metals Society, London, 1980), p. 617.
D. J. Bradley, J. M. Leitnaker, and F. H. Horne, High Temp. Sci. 11, 137 (1979).
T. Wada, H. Wada, J. F. Elliot, and J. Chipman, Met. Trans. 2A, 2199 (1971).
S. K. Bose and H. J. Grabke, Z. Metall. 69, 8 (1978).
A. Schnaas and H. J. Grabke, Oxid. Met. 12, 387 (1978).
A. T. Allen, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 1997.
I. C. Chen and D. L. Douglass, Oxid. Met. 34, 473 (1990).
A. T. Allen and D. L. Douglass, Oxid. Met., 51, 1 (1999).
M. Hasebe, H. Ohtani, and T. Nishizawa, Met. Trans. 16A, 913 (1985).
C. Wagner, Z. Elektrochem. 63, 772 (1959).
K. Bongartz, R. Schulten, W. J. Quadakkers, and H. Nickel, Corrosion 42, 390 (1986).
R. A. Perkins, in Behavior of High Temperature Alloys in Aggressive Environments, EUR 6814, I. Kirman, J. B. Marriott, M. Merz, P. R. Sahm, and D. P. Whittle, eds. (The Metals Society, London, 1980), p. 649.
T. Bell, ASM Handbook, Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9th edn. (ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1987), p. 173.
R. P. Smith, Trans-AIME, 230, 476 (1964).
G. R. Laflamme and J. E. Morral, Acta Metallogr. 26, 1791 (1987).
E. K. Ohriner and J. E. Morral, Scripta Met. 13, 7 (1979).
K. Natesan and T. F. Kassner, Met. Trans. 4, 2557 (1973).
R. C. Sharama, V. K. Lakshmanan, and J. S. Kirkaldy, Met. Trans. 15A, 545 (1984).
F. N. Mazandarany and R. D. Pehlke, Met. Trans. 4A, 2070 (1973).
O. N. Carlson, A. H. Ghaneya, and J. F. Smith, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 6(2), (1985).
R. C. Coltters and G. R. Belton, Met. Trans. 15B, 517 (1984).
I. Barin, O. Knacke, and O. Kubaschewski, Thermochemica l Properties of Inorganic Substances Supplement (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Allen, A.T., Douglass, D.L. Internal-Carburizing Behavior of Ni-V, Ni-Cr, and Ni-3Nb Alloys. Oxidation of Metals 51, 199–219 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018814521638
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018814521638