Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of two components of a smoking cessation intervention: a reading manual and a series of televised programs. Female smokers in the Chicago metropolitan area with a high school education or less were interviewed at 4 different times: baseline, immediate postintervention, and 6 and 12 months. We examined the effects of several baseline measures (race, age, number of cigarettes smoked, and stage of readiness to change) and exposure to the intervention components on subsequent stage of change. Race, baseline smoking rate, baseline stage, and exposure to both intervention components had direct effects on stage at immediate postintervention, with both intervention components increasing readiness to quit. Furthermore, exposure to the manual interacted with baseline stage, such that the manual benefited women at earlier stages more than women at later stages. Effects of both components were sustained at 6 months, and the effects of the manual were sustained at 12 months.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategical, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Burton, D. (1993). It's time. Chicago: American Cancer Society, Illinois Division.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
Cohen, S, Lichtenstein, E., Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J. S., Gritz, E. R., Carr, C. R., Orleans, C. T., Schoenbach, V. J., Biener, L., Abrams, D., DiClemente, C. C., Curry, S., Marlatt, G. A., Cummings, K. M., Emont, S. L., Giovino, G., & Ossip-Klein, D. (1989). Debunking myths about self-quitting: Evidence from 10 prospective studies of persons who attempt to quit by themselves. American Psychologist, 44, 1355–1365.
Crittenden, K. S., Manfredi, C., Lacey, L., Warnecke, R. B., & Parsons, J. (1994). Measuring readiness and motivation to quit smoking among women in public health clinics. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 497–507.
Crittenden, K. S., Manfredi, C., Warnecke, R. B., Cho, Y. I., & Parsons, J. A. (1998). Measuring readiness and motivation to quit smoking among women in public health clinics: Predictive validity. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 191–199.
Curry, S. J. (1993). Self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 790–803.
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. F., Velasquez, M. M., & Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295–304.
Dijkstra, A., Bakker, M., & De Vries, H. (1997). Subtypes within a sample of precontemplating smokers: A preliminary extension of the stages of change. Addictive Behaviors, 22, 327–337.
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., & Bakker, M. (1996). Pros and cons of quitting, self-efficacy, and the stages of change in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 758–763.
Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., Roijackers, J., & van Breukelen, G. (1998). Tailored interventions to communicate stage-matched information to smokers in different motivational stages. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 549–557.
Dijkstra, A., Roijackers, J., & De Vries, H. (1998). Smokers in four stages of readiness to change. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 339–350.
Fiore, M. C., Novotny, T. E., Pierce, J. P., Giovino, G. A., Hatziandreu, E. J., Newcomb, P. A., Surawicz, T. S., & Davis, R. M. (1990). Methods used to quit smoking in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 2760–2765.
Freels, S., Warnecke, R., Parsons, J., Johnson, T., Flay, B., Morera, O. (1999). Characteristics associated with exposure to and participation in a televised smoking cessation intervention program for women with high school or less education. Preventive Medicine, 28(6), 579–588.
Glasgow, R. E., Klesges, R. C., Klesges, L. C., & Somes, G. R. (1988). Variables associated with participation and outcome in a worksite smoking control program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 617–620.
Glynn, T. J., Boyd, G. M., & Gruman, J. C. (1990). Essential elements of self-help/minimal intervention strategies for smoking cessation. Health Education Quarterly, 17, 329–345.
Greenwald, P., & Sondik, E. J. (1986). Cancer control objectives for the nation: 1985–2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. NCI Monographs, National Institutes of Health Publication, 86–2880.
Gruder, C., Warnecke, R. B., Jason, L. A., Flay, B. R., & Peterson, P. (1990). A televised, self-help, cigarette smoking cessation intervention. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 505–516.
Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jason, L. A., Tait, E., Goodman, D., Buckenberger, L., & Gruder, C. L. (1988). Effects of a televised smoking cessation intervention among low-income and minority smokers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 863–875.
Kviz, F. J., Clark, M. A., Crittenden, K. S., Warnecke, R. B., & Freels, S. (1995). Age and smoking cessation behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 24, 297–307.
Lichtenstein, E., & Glasgow, R. E. (1992). Smoking cessation: What have we learned over the past decade? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 518–527.
McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1990). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376–390.
Morera, O. F., Johnson, T. P., Freels S., Parsons, J., Crittenden, K. S., Flay, B. R., & Warnecke, R. B. (1998). The measure of stage of readiness to change: Some psychometric considerations. Psychological Assessment, 10, 182–186.
Ockene, J. K., Hymowitz, N., Sexton, M., & Broste, S. K. (1982). Comparison of patterns of smoking behavior change among smokers in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Preventive Medicine, 11, 621–638.
Orleans, C. T., Schoenbach, V. J., Wagner, E. H., Quade, D., Salmon, M. A., Pearson, D. C., Fiedler, J., Porter, C. Q., & Kaplan, B. H. (1991). Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 439–448.
Perz, C. A., DiClemente, C. C., & Carbonari, J. P. (1996). Doing the right thing at the right time? The interaction of stages and processes of change in successful smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 15, 462–468.
Pierce, J. P., Fiore, M. J., Novotny, T. E., Hatzandrieu, E. J., & Davis, R. M. (1989a). Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States: Educational differences are increasing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 56–60.
Pierce, J. P., Fiore, M. J., Novotny, T. E., Hatzandrieu, E. J., & Davis, R. M. (1989b). Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. Projections to the year 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 61–65.
Pohl, J. M., Martinelli, A., & Antonakos, C. (1998). Predictors of participation in a smoking cessation intervention group among low-income women. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 699–704.
Prochaska, J. O. (1991). Prescribing to the stage and level of phobic patients. Psychotherapy, 28, 463–468.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 59, 1102–1114.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Velicer, W. F., & Rossi, J. F. (1993). Standardized, individualized, interactive, and personalized self-help programs for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 12, 399–405.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C. & Fava, J. (1988). Measuring the processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520–528.
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W. F., Rossi, J. S., Goldstein, M.G., Marcus, B. H., Pakowski, W., Fiore, C., Harlow, L. L., Redding, C. A., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S. R. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for twelve problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39–46.
Stacy, A. W., Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., Burton, D., & Flay, B. R. (1992). Moderators of peer social influence in adolescent smoking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 163–172.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. CDC 89–8411). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1990a). The health benefits of smoking cessation (DHHS Publication No. CDC 90–8416). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1990b). Strategies to control tobacco use in the United States: A blueprint for public health action in the 1990s (NIH Publication No. 92–3316). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control.
Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1279–1289.
Velicer, W. F., Hughes, S. L., Fava, J. L., Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1995). An empirical typology of subjects within stages of change. Addictive Behaviors, 3, 299–320.
Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Fava, J. L., Laforge, R. G., & Rossi, J. S. (1999). Interactive versus non-interactive interventions and dose-response relationships for stage-matched smoking cessation programs in a managed care setting. Health Psychology, 18, 21–28.
Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J. S., & Snow, M. G. (1992). Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 23–41.
Wagner, E., Schoenbach, V., Orleans, C. T., Grothaus, L., Saunders, K., Curry, S., & Pearson, D. C. (1990). Participation in a smoking cessation program: A population-based perspective. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 258–266.
Warnecke, R. B., Flay, B. R., Kviz, F. J., Gruder, C. L., Langenberg, P., Crittenden, K. S., Mermelstein, R. Aitken, M., Wong, S. C., & Cook, T. D. (1991). Characteristics of participants in a televised smoking cessation intervention. Preventive Medicine, 20, 389–403.
Warnecke, R. B., Langenberg, P., Wong, S. C., Flay, B. R., & Cook, T. D. (1992). The second Chicago televised smoking cessation program: A 24-month follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 835–840.
Wohlford, P. (1970). Initiation of cigarette smoking: Is it related to parental smoking behavior? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 148–151.
Zhu, S., Stretcher, V., Balabanis, M., Rosbrook, B., Sadler, G., & Pierce, J. P. (1996). Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: Effects of single-session and multiple-session interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 202–211.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Turner, L.R., Morera, O.F., Johnson, T.P. et al. Examining the Effectiveness of a Community-Based Self-Help Program to Increase Women's Readiness for Smoking Cessation. Am J Community Psychol 29, 465–491 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010375931040
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010375931040