Abstract
In order to make an estimation of thewet deposition levels of the major nitrogen compoundsin Lake Maracaibo system, the precipitation wascollected by events at five sites located on shorearound the Lake from 1991 to 1994. Also the phosphorusconcentrations were determined in rain samples. RainpHs averaged about 5 to 6. NH4 + levels weresignificantly higher (up to 1.44 mg L-1NH4-N) than NO3 -plus NO2 -ions which resulted in the highest pHs values in thestrait Maracaibo. The strait is the nearest zone toAmmonia Plant located upwind at the TablazoPetrochemical Complex. At the strait, theinorganic-nitrogen ((NH4 + NO3 +NO2)-N) concentrations were greater than organicnitrogen levels, but at the other sites were lower.Phosphorus levels were low, ranging from undetectableto 1.5 mg L-1; organic-P was estimated to accountfor about 40% of total-P. Total mean nitrogen wetdepositions were 6.93 kg ha-1 yr-1 (≈59% asNH4-N) at the strait and 9.85–16.84 kg ha-1yr-1 (≈55% as organic-N) around the lakeshore.Inorganic and organic nitrogen account for about equalportions of the total nitrogen loading. These amountsrepresents ≈24% of the annual total-N inputsby the tributary rivers to the lake and aresubstantially higher than those reported in the shoreof Lake Valencia (north-central part of Venezuela) andother tropical areas. The contribution ofprecipitation to P in lake is very small; ≈0.6 kg ha-1 of total-P are added annually. The N and Pinputs were greater than the sewage contributions. Themean molar ratio N/P is ≈22 at the straitsite whilst at lake sites the N/P ratio isconsistently >22 (about 35∼1 to 100∼1). The results of this preliminary study show that the atmosphere represents a significant factor for the total nitrogen loading to Lake Maracaibo system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreae, M. O., Talbot, R. W., Berresheim, H. and Beecher, K. M.: 1990, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16987.
APHA-AWWA-WPCF: 1989, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed., Washington, U.S.A.
Ayers, G. P. and Gillet, R.: 1988, ‘Acidification in Australia’, in H. Rodhe and R. Herrera (eds.), Acidification in Tropical Countries, SCOPE Series No. 36, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 347–402.
Brezonik, P. L., Hendry, C. D., Edgerton, E. S., Schultz, R. L. and Crisman, T. L.: 1982, ‘Acidity, Nutrients, and Minerals in Atmosphere Precipitation over Florida: Deposition Pattern Mechanisms and Ecological Effects’, EPA Project Completion Report for Grant 805560, U.S., Corvallis, Oreg.
Bootsma, H. A. and Hecky, R. E.: 1993, Cons. Biol. 7, 644.
Buijsman, E., Maas, H. F. M. and Asman, W. A. H.: 1987, Atm. Env. 21, 1009.
Chapin, J. D. and Uttormark, P. D.: 1973, ‘Atmospheric Contributions of Nitrogen and Phosphorus’, Tech. Rept. WIS-WRC 73–2, Univ. Wis. Water Res. Center, Madison, Wis., 35 pp.
Cole, J. J., Caraco, N. F. and Likens, G. E.: 1990, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 1230.
Galloway, J. N., Likens, G. E., Keene, W. C. and Miller, J. M.: 1982, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8771.
Gutierrez, J.: 1995, ‘Estudio de la Distribución de Nitrógeno y Fósforo Total en Época de Lluvia y Época Seca en Aguas del Río Catatumbo’, Tesis de Grado. Facultad Experimental de Ciencias. Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 70 pp.
Hendry, C. D., Berish, C. W. and Edgerton, E. S.: 1984, Water Resour. Res. 20, 1677.
ICLAM: 1999, ‘Recoleccion de Datos de Calidad de Aguas y Sedimentos del Lago de Maracaibo’, Informe Técnico, Instituto para el Control y la Conservacion del Lago de Maracibo (ICLAM), Maracaibo-Venezuela. Apartado 302. E-mail: info@iclam.gov.ve.
ILWIS 1.3: 1992, ‘Integrated Land and Water Information System’, Information System, Instituto para el Control y la Conservacion del Lago de Maracibo (ICLAM), Maracaibo-Venezuela. Apartado 302. E-mail: info@iclam.gov.ve.
Keene, W. C., Galloway, J. N. and Holden Jr., J. D. L.: 1983, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5122.
Lewis Jr., W. M.: 1981, Wat. Resour. Res. 17, 169.
Lewis Jr., W. M. and Weibezahn, F. H.: 1983, Acta Cient. Venezolana 34, 345.
Lewis Jr., W. M., Grant, M. C. and Hamilton, S. K.: 1985, Oikos 45, 428.
Likens, G. E., Keene, W. C., Miller, J. M. and Galloway, J. N.: 1987, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13299.
Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. and Johnson, D. W.: 1986, Science 231, 141.
Linsey, G. A., Schindler, D. W. and Stainton, M. P.: 1987, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(1), 206.
Manny, B. A. and Owens, R. W.: 1983, J. Great Lakes Res. 9, 403.
Morales, J. A. and Bifano, C.: 1992, ‘Acidity of Rain in a Rural Site of the Venezuelan Western Savannah’, in S. E. Schwartz and W. G. N. Slinn (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Processes, Richland, WA, U.S.A., 15–19 July 1991, Vol. 3, pp. 1449–1460.
Morales, J. A., Bifano, C. and Escalona, A.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 2325.
Morales, J. A., Bifano, C. and Escalona, A.: 1998, Atm. Env. 32, 3051.
Parra, P. et al.: 1979, ‘Estudio Integral sobre la Contaminación del Lago de Maracaibo y sus Afluentes. Parte II: Evaluación del Proceso de Eutroficación’. Informe Técnico, Instituto para el Control y la Conservacion del Lago de Maracibo (ICLAM), Maracaibo-Venezuela. Apartado 302. E-mail: info@iclam.gov.ve, 145 pp.
Rivas, Z., Ledo de Medina, H., Gutierrez, J. and Gutierrez E.: 2000, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 117, 27.
Sanhueza, E., Arias, M.C., Donoso, L., Graterol, N., Hermoso, M., Marti, I., Romero, J., Rondon, A. and Santana, M.: 1992, Tellus 44B, 54.
Sanhueza, E. and Santana, M.: 1994, Israel J. of Chem. 34, 327.
Scheider, W. A., Snyder, W. R. and Clark, P.: 1979, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 9, 309.
Shindler, D. W., Newbury, R. W., Beaty, K. G. and Campbell, P.: 1976, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33, 2526.
U.S.A.–Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories: 1974, ‘Study of Effects of Oil Discharges and Domestic and Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela’, Research Report to Creole Petroleum Corporation, Instituto para el Control y la Conservacion del Lago de Maracibo (ICLAM), Maracaibo-Venezuela. Apartado 302. E-mail: info@iclam.gov.ve.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Morales, J.A., Albornoz, A., Socorro, E. et al. An Estimation of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading by Wet Deposition over Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 128, 207–221 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010347913832
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010347913832