Abstract
This paper reports on experimental studies looking into the experience of people who are collaborating in shared virtual environments. In these environments, people are represented as 'avatars' in virtual space. The studies reported here suggest that the way in which people are represented has a strong effect on others' perceptions. The effects on the feeling of closeness or 'accord' of people who meet in this way are contrasted with more natural real-life meetings where all the normal social cues are available. The characteristics of the systems used to access the shared virtual environment are considered. Different systems offering differing degrees of perceived 'immersion' in an environment are discussed, and their effects on social behaviours such as leadership are considered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Slater M, Sadagic A, Usoh M and Schroeder R: 'Small group behaviour in a virtual and real environment: a comparative study', accepted for publication in Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments — a summary can be found on http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/m.slater/BTWorkshop/Inhabit/ (1998)
Tromp J G, Steed A, Frecon E, Bullock A, Sadagic A and Slater M: 'Collaborative virtual environments: experiments on small group behaviour in the COVEN Project', IEEE CG&A (November 1998).
Steed A, Slater M, Sadagic A, Bullock A and Tromp J: 'Leadership and collaboration in shared virtual environments', submitted for publication (1998).
Hardman V, Sasse M A and Kouvelas I: 'Successful Multiparty Audio Communication over the Internet', Communications of the ACM, 41,No 5, pp 74-80 (1998).
Leary M: 'Social anxiousness: the construct and its measurement', Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, pp 66-75 (1983).
Rothbaum B, Hodges L, Kooper R, Opdyke D, Willford J and North M: 'Effectiveness of computer generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia', American Journal of Psychiatry, 152,No 4, pp 626-628 (1995).
Hodges L F, Rothbaum B O, Watson B, Kessler G D and Opdyke D: 'A virtual airplane for fear of flying therapy, IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, pp 86-94 (1996).
Slater M and Wilbur S: 'A framework for immersive virtual environments (five): speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments', Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6,No 6 pp 60-616, MIT Press (1997).
Pertaub D P: 'Virtual exposure therapy for public speech anxiety', Master of Research Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University College London (1998).
Schneier F and Welkowitz L: 'The hidden face of shyness', Understanding and Overcoming Social Anxiety, Avon Books, New York (1996).
Reeves B and Nass C: 'The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places', CSLI Publications and the Press Syndicate for the University of Cambridge (1998).
About this article
Cite this article
Slater, M. Real People Meeting Virtually Real People — a Review of Some Experiments in Shared Virtual Environments. BT Technology Journal 17, 120–127 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009635210898
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009635210898