Abstract
The influence of initial water saturation on residual organic saturation was studied by determining pressure-saturation relationships with a pressure cell apparatus. Initial water saturations varying from 0.02 to 0.40 were investigated by allowing gasoline to imbibe into the water wet soil, displacing the mobile air. Subsequently, air was forced back into the soil in a series of incremental steps that resulted in gasoline drainage and a measurement of residual gasoline saturation. The data indicate that water saturation must be considered in order to understand retention and movement of liquid organics in the vadose zone. It is concluded that residual organic saturation decreases by the amount that initial water saturation increases, as Leverett's assumption implies, for initial water saturations less than a critical value. For initial water saturations greater than the critical values the residual oil saturation remained constant, the total liquid saturation increased and Leverett's assumption was no longer valid.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Convery, M. P.: 1979, The behaviour andmovement of petroleum products in unconsolidated surficial deposits, MS Thesis, University of Minnesota.
Corey, A. T., Rathjens, C. H., Henderson, J. H., Aime, M. and Wyllie, M. R. J.: 1956, Three-phase relative permability, Technical Note 375, Trans. AIME Petr. Eng. Div. 207, 349-351.
Eckberg, O. K. and Sunada, D. K.: 1984, Nonsteady three-phase immiscible fluid distribution in porous media, Water Resour. Res. 20(12), 1891-7.
Hoag, G. E. and Marley, M. C.: 1986, Gasoline residual saturation in unsaturated uniform aquifer materials, J. Environ. Eng. 112(3), 586-604.
Klute, A.: 1986, Water retention: laboratory methods, in A. Klute (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, 2nd edn, Agronomy Soil Sciences Society of America, Madison,Wisconsin, pp. 635-660.
Lenhard, R. J. and Parker, J.C.: 1987, Measurement and prediction of saturation-pressure relationships in three phase porous media systems, J. Contam. Hydrol., 407-424.
Leverett, M. C.: 1941, Capillary behaviour in porous soils, Trans. AIME. Petrol. Div. 142, 152-169.
Leverett, M.C. and Lewis, W. B.: 1941, Steady flow of gas-oil-water-mixtures through unconsolidated sands', Trans. AIME. Petrol. Div. 142, 107-116.
Wilson, J. L. and Conrad, Stephen H.: 1984, Is physical displacement of residual hydrocarbons a realistic possibility in aquifier restoration? Proc. Conf. Petrol. Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, Nat. Water Well Assoc., Houston, Tex., pp. 274-298.
Wilson, J. L., Conrad, S. H., Mason, W. R., Peplinski, W. and Hagan, E.: 1990, Laboratory investigation of residual liquid organics from spills, leaks and the disposal of hazardous wastes in groundwater', R. S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ada, OK. EPA/600/690/004.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zalidis, G.C., Wallace, R.B. & Voice, T.C. Influence of Initial Water Saturation on the Residual Saturation of an Organic Liquid in the Vadose Zone. Water Resources Management 12, 81–93 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007907902934
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007907902934