Abstract
Myocardial stunning is characterized by the impairment of excitation-contraction coupling via a decrease in myofilament Ca2+ responsiveness, thought to be triggered by hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated upon reperfusion. Since peroxynitrite is also expected to be produced during reperfusion, we examined whether it can induce a stunned myocardium-like impairment of cardiac myocytes. Its effect on cultured cardiac myocytes was compared with that of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ·OH source. Infusion of peroxynitrite (0.2 mM) induced a decrease in cell motion and a complete arrest in diastole at 2.9 ± 0.3 min, which coincided with an elevation in [Ca2+]i. Arrest induced by infusion of H2O2 (10 mM) was not associated with an increase in [Ca2+]i. The ATP content was unaffected by peroxynitrite (control, 34.3 ± 3.4: + peroxynitrite, 32.9 ± 3.5 nmol/mg protein) and the cells remained viable. Sulfhydryl (SH) content was decreased by peroxynitrite, but not by H2O2. The membrane fluidity (a measure of peroxidation of the membrane lipids) was not affected by peroxynitrite, but was decreased by H2O2. Onset time of arrest was unaffected by deferoxamine (0.2 mM), but was delayed by DTT (10 mM) (from 2.9 ± 0.3 to 19.2 ± 1.6 min). Nitrotyrosine content was unchanged by peroxynitrite, and its augmentation with Fe3+/EDTA (1 mM) was not associated with a shortened onset time of arrest. The function of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was impaired by peroxynitrite, but not by H2O2. Peroxynitrite and H2O2 each induce arrest, but only the former increases [Ca2+]i. One of the mechanisms of the increase in [Ca2+]i is Na+/Ca2+ exchanger dysfunction. The impairments were induced through SH oxidation by peroxynitrite, but through lipid peroxidation by H2O2. Myocardial stunning may be induced by both species in concert.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kusuoka H, Marban E: Cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning. Ann Rev Physiol 54: 243–256, 1992
Carrozza JP Jr, Bentivegna LA, Williams CP, Kuntz RE, Grossman W, Morgan JP: Decreased myofilament responsiveness in myocardial stunning follows transient calcium overload during ischemia and reperfusion. Circ Res 71: 1334–1340, 1992
Gao WD, Atar D, Backx PH, Marban E: Relationship between intracellular calcium and contractile force in stunned myocardium. Direct evidence for decreased myofilament Ca2+ responsiveness and altered diastolic function in intact ventricular muscle. Circ Res 76: 1036–1048, 1995
Bolli R, Jeroudi MO, Patel BS, Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Lai EK, McCay PB: Marked reduction of free radical generation and contractile dysfunction by antioxidant therapy begun at the time of reperfusion. Evidence that myocardial ‘stunning’ is a manifestation of reperfusion injury. Circ Res 65: 607–622, 1989
Takemura G, Onodera T, Ashraf M: Quantification of hydroxyl radical and its lack of relevance to myocardial injury during early reperfusion after graded ischemia in rat hearts. Circ Res 71: 96–105, 1992
Soei LK, Sassen LM, Fan DS, van Veen T, Krams R, Verdouw PD: Myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitization predominantly enhances function and mechanical efficiency of stunned myocardium. Circulation 90: 959–969, 1994
Gao WD, Atar D, Liu Y, Perez NG, Murphy AM, Marban E: Role of troponin I proteolysis in the pathogenesis of stunned myocardium. Circ Res 80: 393–399, 1997
Matsumura Y, Saeki E, Inoue M, Hori M, Kamada T, Kusuoka H: Inhomogeneous disappearance of myofilament-related cytoskeletal proteins in stunned myocardium of guinea pig. Circ Res 79: 447–454, 1996
Liu P, Hock CE, Nagele R, Wong PY: Formation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Physiol 272: H2327–H2336, 1997
Xie YW, Wolin MS: Role of nitric oxide and its interaction with superoxide in the suppression of cardiac muscle mitochondrial respiration. Involvement in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Circulation 94: 2580–2586, 1996
Schulz R, Dodge KL, Lopaschuk GD, Clanachan AS: Peroxynitrite impairs cardiac contractile function by decreasing cardiac efficiency. Am J Physiol 272: H1212–H1219, 1997
Huie RE, Padmaja S: The reaction of NO with superoxide. Free Rad Res Commun 18: 195–199, 1993
Goldstein S, Czapski G: The reaction of NO· with O −2 and HO2·: A pulse radiolysis study. Free Rad Biol Med 19: 505–510, 1995
Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman BA: Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 288: 481–487, 1991
Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman BA: Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 266: 4244–4250, 1991
Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, Beckman JS: Peroxynitrite formation from macroph age-derived nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 298: 446–451, 1992
Beckman JS, Carson M, Smith CD, Koppenol WH: ALS, SOD and peroxynitrite (letter). Nature 364: 584, 1993
Ishida H, Ichimori K, Hirota Y, Fukahori M, Nakazawa H: Peroxynitrite-induced cardiac myocyte injury. Free Rad Biol Med 20: 343–350, 1996
Gao WD, Liu Y, Marban E: Selective effects of oxygen free radicals on excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular muscle. Implications for the mechanism of stunned myocardium. Circulation 94: 2597–2604, 1996
Pryor WA, Squadrito GL: The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide (see comments). Am J Physiol 268: L699–L722, 1995
Ishida H, Hirota Y, Nakazawa H: Effect of sub-skinning concentrations of saponin on intracellular Ca2+ and plasma membrane fluidity in cultured cardiac cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1145: 58–62, 1993
Axelrod D: Lateral motion of membrane proteins and biological function. J Membr Biol 75: 1–10, 1983
Sedlak J, Lindsay RH: Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Anal Biochem 25: 192–205, 1968
Ishida H, Kohmoto O, Bridge JH, Barry WH: Alterations in cation homeostasis in cultured chick ventricular cells during and after recovery from adenosine triphosphate depletion. J Clin Invest 81: 1173–1181, 1988
Fukuyama N, Takebayashi Y, Hida M, Ishida H, Ichimori K, Nakazawa H: Clinical evidence of peroxynitrite formation in chronic renal failure patients with septic shock. Free Rad Biol Med 22: 771–774, 1997
Beckman JS, Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, van der Woerd M, Smith C, Chen J, Harrison J, Martin JC, Tsal M: Kinetics of superoxide dismutase-and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 298: 438–445, 1992
Cannell MB: Contribution of sodium-calcium exchange to calcium regulation in cardiac muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 639: 428–443, 1991
Sun JZ, Tang XL, Knowlton AA, Park SW, Qiu Y, Bolli R: Late preconditioning against myocardial stunning. An endogenous protective mechanism that confers resistance to postischemic dysfunction 24 h after brief ischemia in conscious pigs. J Clin Invest 95: 388–403, 1995
Goldhaber JI, Liu E: Excitation-contraction coupling in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide. J Physiol Lond 477: 135–147, 1994
Zhao W, Richardson JS, Mombourquette MJ, Well JA: An in vitro EPR study of the free-radical scavenging actions of the lazaroid antioxidants U-74500A and U-78517F. Free Rad Biol Med 19: 21–30, 1995
Moreyra AE, Conway RS, Wilson AC, Chen WH, Schmidling MJ, Kostis JB: Attenuation of myocardial stunning in isolated rat hearts by a 21-aminosteroid lazarold (U74389G). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 28: 659–664, 1996
Augusto O, Gatti RM, Radi R: Spin-trapping studies of peroxynitrite decomposition and of 3-morpholinosydnonimine N-ethylcarbamide autooxidation: Direct evidence for metal-independent formation of free radical intermediates. Arch Biochem Biophys 310: 118–125, 1994
Pou S, Nguyen SY, Gladwell T, Rosen GM: Does peroxynitrite generate hydroxyl radical? Biochim Biophys Acta 1244: 62–68, 1995
Kong Y, Lesnefsky EJ, Ye J, Horwitz LD: Prevention of lipid peroxidation does not prevent oxidant-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction. Am J Physiol 267: H2371–H2377, 1994
Denicola A, Souza JM, Gatti RM, Augusto O, Radi R: Desferrioxamine inhibition of the hydroxyl radical-like reactivity of peroxynitrite: Role of the hydroxamic groups. Free Rad Biol Med 19: 11–19, 1995
Barry WH, Rasmussen CA Jr, Ishida H, Bridge JH: External Na-independent Ca extrusion in cultured ventricular cells. Magnitude and functional significance. J Gen Physiol 88: 393–411, 1986
Castro L, Rodriguez M, Radi R: Aconitase is readily inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not by its precursor, nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 269: 29409–29415, 1994
Lizasoaln I, Moro MA, Knowles RG, Darley Usmar V, Moncada S: Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite exert distinct effects on mitochondrial respiration which are differentially blocked by glutathione or glucose. Biochem J 314: 877–880, 1996
Haworth RA, Goknur AB, Hunter DR, Hegge JO, Berkoff HA: Inhibition of calcium influx in isolated adult rat heart cells by ATP depletion. Circ Res 60: 586–594, 1987
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ishida, H., Genka, C., Hirota, Y. et al. Distinct roles of peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical in triggering stunned myocardium-like impairment of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 198, 31–38 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006989826711
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006989826711