Abstract
We present evidence from studies oflakes in Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada that waterclarity is a key variable for monitoring theeffects of climate change, high UV exposure andacidification. In small oligotrophic lakes, thesestressors affect water clarity primarily byaltering the concentration of DOC in lake water. Clear lakes (<2 mg L-1 DOC) proved to be highlysensitive indicators of stressors, exhibiting largethermal and optical responses to small changes inDOC. Extremely clear (<0.5 mg L-1 DOC) acidic lakesshowed the effects of climate change and solarbleaching in recent decades. These lakes becamemuch clearer even though they were slowlyrecovering from acidification.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beamish, R. J. and Harvey, H. H.: 1972, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29, 1131.
Bothwell, M. L., Sherbot, D. M. J. and Pollock, C. M.: 1994, Science 265, 97.
Bukaveckas, P. A. and Driscoll, C. T.: 1991, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48, 1030.
Christie, G. C. and Regier, H. A.: 1988, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45, 301.
Chambers, P. A. and Kalff, J.: 1985, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 701.
Conroy, N. I., Hawley, K. and Keller, W.: 1978, ‘Extensive Monitoring of Lakes in the Sudbury Area, 1974–1976’, Ontario Min. Environ. Tech. Rep., 40 p. (plus appendices).
Curtis, P. J. and Schindler, D. W.: 1997, Biogeochemistry 36, 125.
Devito, K. J., Dillon, P. J. and LaZerte, B. D.: 1989, Biogeochemistry 9, 185.
Dillon, P. J. and Molot, L. A.: 1997a, Biogeochemistry 36, 29.
Dillon, P. J. and Molot, L. A.: 1997b, Water Resour. Res. 33, 2591.
Driscoll, C. T., Blette, V., Yan, C., Scholfield, C. L., Munson, R. and Holsapple, J.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 80, 499.
Engstrom, D. R.: 1987, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44, 1306.
Environment Canada: 1994, ‘Modelling the Global Climate System, Ottawa (Canada): Ministry of Supply and Services’, Climate Change Digest Report, No. 94–01.
Fee, E. J., Hecky, R. E., Kasian, S. E. M. and Cruikshank, D. R.: 1996, Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 912.
Frantz, T. C. and Cordone, A. J.: 1967, Ecology 48, 709.
Hader, P. H., Worrest, R. C., Kumar, H. D. and Smith, R. C.: 1995, Ambio 24, 174.
Hasler, A. D.: 1938, J. Wildlife Management 2, 94–103.
Hindar, A. and Henriksen, A.: 1998, ‘Mapping of Critical Load and Critical Load Exceedances in Killarney Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada’, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Report SNO 3889-98, 36 p., ISBN 82-577-3475-6.
Karentz, D., Bothwell, M. L., Coffin, R. B., Hanson, A., Herndl, G. J., Kilham, S. S., Lesser, M. P., Lindell, M., Moeller, R. E., Morris, D. P., Neale, P. J., Sanders, R. W., Weiler C. S. and Wetzel, R. G.: 1994, Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih Ergebn. Limnol. 43, 31.
Keller, W., Carbone, J., Gale, P., Heneberry, J., Malette, M. and Gunn, J.: 1998, ‘Data Report: Extensive Monitoring of Acidified Lakes in Sudbury’, unpublished, Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Sudbury, Canada.
Kerfoot, W. X. and Kirk, K. L.: 1993, Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25, 335.
Kerr, J. B. and McElroy, C. T.: 1993, Science 262, 1032.
Kirk, J. T. O.: 1994, Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, 509 pp.
Madronich, S.: 1994, Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih Ergebn. Limnol. 43, 17.
Maki, L. and Rozenberg, W.: 1973, ‘Report of Sudbury Environmental Study Intensive Monitoring Programme’, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Unpublished Report, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Malueg, K. W., Tilstra, J. R., Schults, D. W. and Powers, C. F.: 1972, Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 18, 292.
Moore, M. V., Folt, C. L. and Stemberter, R. S.: 1996, Arch. Hydrobiol 135, 289.
Morris, D. P., Zagarese, H., Williamson, C. E., Balseiro, E. G., Hargreaves, B. R., Modenutti, B., Moeller, R. and Queimalinos, C.: 1995, Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1381.
Morris, D. P. and Hargreaves, B. R.: 1997, Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 239.
O'Brien, W. J.: 1987, ‘Planktivory by Freshwater Fish: Thrust and Parry in the Pelagia’, in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih (eds), Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities, Hanover, University Press of New England, pp. 3–16.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment: 1983, Handbook of Analytical Methods for Environmental Samples, Vols. 1 and 2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Pérez-Fuentetaja, A., Dillon, P. J., Yan, N. D. and McQueen, D. J.: 1999, Aquatic Ecology 33, 127.
Rasmussen, J. B., Godbout, L. and Scallenberg, M.: 1989, Limnol. Oceanogr. 34, 1336.
Schindler, D. W., Bayley, S. E., Parker, B. R., Beaty, K. G., Cruikshank, D. R., Fee, E. J., Schindler, E. U. and Stainton, M. P.: 1996a, Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1004.
Schindler, D. W., Curtis, P. J., Parker, B. R. and Stainton, M. P.: 1996b, Nature 379, 705.
Schindler, D. W., Curtis, P. J., Bayley, S. E., Parker, B. R., Beaty, K. G. and Stainton, M. P.: 1997, Biogeochemistry 36, 9.
Schindler, D. W.: 1998, 'A Dim Future for Boreal Bioscience 48, 157.
Shindell, D. T., Rind, R. and Lonergan, P.: 1998, Nature 392, 589.
Smith, R. C., Prjzelin, B. B., Baker, K. S., Bidigare, R. R., Boucher, N. P., Coley, T., Karentz, D., MacIntyre, S., Matlick, H. A., Menzies, D., Ondrusek, M., Wan, Z. and Waters, K. J.: 1992, Science 255, 952.
Smith, R. C. and Baker, K. S.: 1981, Applied Optics 20, 177.
Smith, R. C., Tyler, J. E. and Goldman, C. R.: 1973, Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 189.
Snucins, E. and Gunn, J.: 1998, ‘Chemical and Biological Status of Killarney Park Lakes (1995– 1997). A Study of Lakes in the Early Stages of Recovery from Acidification’, Ont. Min. Nat. Res. Coop Freshwater Ecology Unit, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Snucins. E. and Gunn, J.: 2000, Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 1639.
Snucins, E., Gunn, J., Keller, W., Dixit, S., Hindar, A. and Hendriksen, A.: 2001, ‘Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Biodiversity in Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67, 179–194.
Sprules, W. G.: 1975, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 389.
Tegler, B., Sharp, M. and Johnson, M. A.: 2001, ‘Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network's Proposed Core Monitoring Variables: An Early Warning of Environmental Change’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67, 29–55.
Urban, N. R., Bayley, S. E. and Eisenreich, S. J.: 1988, Water Research 25, 1619.
Vinebrooke, R. D. and Leavitt, P. R.: 1996, Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1035.
Welsh, P. G., Skidmore, J. F., Spry, D. J., Dixon, D. G., Hodson, P. V., Hutchinson, N. J. and Hickie, B. E.: 1993, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 1356.
Wetzel, R. G.: 1975, Limnology, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Williamson, C. E., Zagarese, H. E., Schulze, P. C., Hargreaves, B. R. and Seva, J.: 1994, Journal of Plankton Research 16, 205.
Williamson, C. E., Stemberger, R. S., Morris, D. P., Frost, T. M. and Paulsen, S. G.: 1996, Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1024.
Williamson, C. E., Morris, D. P., Pace, M. L. and Olson, O. G.: 1999a, Limnol. Oceanogr. 44(3, part 2), 795.
Williamson, C. E., Hargreaves, B. R., Orr, P. S. and Lovera, P. A.: 1999b, Limnol. Oceanogr. 44(3), 774.
Xenopoulos, M. A., Prairie, Y. T. and Bird, D. F.: 2000, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57, 600.
Yan, N. D.: 1983, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40, 621.
Yan, N. D., Nero, R. W., Keller, W. and Lasenby, D. C.: 1985, Holarctic Ecology 8, 93.
Yan, N. D., Keller, W., Scully, N. M., Lean, D. R. S., and Dillon, P. J.: 1996, Nature 381, 141.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gunn, J.M., Snucins, E., Yan, N.D. et al. Use of Water Clarity to Monitor the Effects of Climate Change and other Stressors on Oligotrophic Lakes. Environ Monit Assess 67, 69–88 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006435721636
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006435721636