Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance is an important factor influencing biological invasions. The European hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are invasive species known to cause substantial environmental damage, and were introduced to Argentina during the early 1900s. We compared the relative importance of anthropogenic and environmental factors in hare and boar occurrence in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina, and assessed the hypothesis that invasion can occur regardless of anthropogenic disturbance. Also, we assessed whether hare and boar occupancy offered support for the disturbance hypothesis, which states that invasive species are facilitated by anthropogenic disturbance. We deployed 80 cameras from February to May 2012 and January to April 2013 and at each site measured three environmental (land cover, horizontal cover, and percentage herbaceous vegetation) and three anthropogenic (distance to nearest human settlement, distance to nearest road, and average daily number of people) variables. We used likelihood-based occupancy modeling to estimate site occurrence and detectability. We obtained 480 independent detections of hares and 134 of boars in 1680 camera days. Environmental factors had a greater effect on hare occupancy than anthropogenic disturbances, and hare occupancy was greater in more open areas and closer to human settlements, supporting both hypotheses. Boar occurrence was equally influenced by anthropogenic and environmental factors, and offered mixed support for both hypotheses; boars were present only in humid land covers, and occupancy was lesser closer to settlements but greater closer to roads. Species responses to anthropogenic and environmental factors can vary based on life history traits and role in human society. Identifying the effect of environmental factors and human disturbances on species is fundamental for allocating limited resources in management and conservation.
References
Asociación Parques Nacionales, 2011. Lineamientos estratégicos para el manejo de especies exóticas en la Administración de Parques Nacionales. Asociación Parques Nacionales, Buenos Aires, Available from (https://doi.org/www.sib.gov.ar/archivos/version_final_Lineamientos.pdf) [30 January 2014].
Arnold, T.W., 2010. Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike’s Information Criterion. J. Wild. Manage. 74, 1175–1178.
Ballari, S.A., Barrios-García, M.N., 2013. A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges. Mammal Rev. 44, 124–134.
Bonino, N., Cossíos, D., Menegheti, J., 2010. Dispersal of the European hare, Lepus europaeus, in South America. Folia Zool. 59, 9–15.
Burnham, K.P., 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol. Methods Res. 33, 261–304.
Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., 2002. Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference. Springer Link, Berlin.
Caley, P., 1997. Movement, activity patterns and habitat use of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a tropical habitat. Wildl. Res. 24, 77–87.
Cardarelli, E., Meriggi, A., Brangi, A., Vidus-Rosin, A., 2010. Effects of arboriculture stands on European hare Lepus europaeus spring habitat use in an agricultural area of northern Italy. Acta Theriol. 56, 229–238.
Crooks, J.A., Chang, A.L., Ruiz, G.M., 2011. Aquatic pollution increases the relative success of invasive species. Biol. Invasions 13, 165–176.
Desbiez, A., Santos, S., Keuroghlian, A., Bodmer, R., 2009. Niche partitioning among white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa). J. Mammal. 90, 119–128.
Dinsmore, S.J., White, G.C., Knopf, F.L., 2002. Advance techniques for modeling avian nest survival. Ecology 83, 3476–3488.
Dormann, C.F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carr, G., Marquéz, J.R.G., Gruber, B., Lafourcade, B., Leitão, P.J., et al., 2013. Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36, 27–46.
Elton, C., 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Chapman and Hall, London.
Fletcher, R.J., Hutto, R.L., 2008. Partitioning the multi-scale effects of human activity on the occurrence of riparian forest birds. Landsc. Ecol. 23, 727–739.
Galende, G.I., Grigera, D., 1998. Relaciones alimentarias de Lagidium viscacia (Rodentia, Chinchillidae) con herbívoros introducidos en el parque nacional Nahuel Huapi. Iheringia, Ser. Zool. 84, 3–10.
Gantchoff, M.G., Belant, J.L., Masson, D.A., 2013. Ocurrence of invasive mammals in southern Nahuel Huapi National Park. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 48, 175–182.
Hebblewhite, M., White, C.A., Nietvelt, C.G., McKenzie, J.A., Hurd, T.E., Fryxell, J.M., Bayley, S.E., Paquet, P.C., 2005. Human activity mediates atrophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86, 2135–2144.
Heinze, G., Shemper, M., 2002. A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression. Stat. Med. 21, 2409–2419.
Hines, J.E., 2006. PRESENCE—software to estimate patch occupancy and related parameters. USGS-PWRC https://doi.org/www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html
Hobbs, R.J., Huenneke, L.F., 1992. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 6, 324–337.
IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland.
Johnson, P.T.J., Olden, J.D., vander Zanden, M.J., 2008. Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 357–363.
Kalwij, J.M., Robertson, M.P., van Rensburg, B.J., 2008. Human activity facilitates altitudinal expansion of exotic plants along a road in montane grassland, South Africa. Appl. Veg. Sci. 11, 491–498.
Lantschner, M.V., Rusch, V., Hayes, J.P., 2013. Do exotic pine plantations favour the spread of invasive herbivorous mammals in Patagonia? Aust. Ecol. 38, 338–345.
MacKenzie, D., Bailey, L., 2004. Assessing the fit of site—occupancy models. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 9, 300–318.
MacKenzie, D.I., Nichols, J.D., Lachman, G.B., Droege, S., Andrew Royle, J., Langtimm, C.A., 2002. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83, 2248–2255.
MacKenzie, D.I., Nichols, J.D., Royle, J.A., Pollock, K.H., Bailey, L.L., Hines, J.E., 2005. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Academic Press, Burlington.
Markovchick-Nicholls, L., Regan, H.M., Deutschman, D.H., Widyanata, A., Martin, B., Noreke, L., Hunt, T.A., 2008. Relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments. Conserv. Biol. 22, 99–109.
Merino, M.L., Carpinetti, B.N., Abba, A.M., 2009. Invasive mammals in the national parks system of Argentina. Nat. Area J. 29, 42–49.
Mermoz, M., Martín, M., 1987. Mapa de vegetación del parque y reserva nacional Nahuel Huapi. Administración de Parques Nacionales, Buenos Aires.
Marini, L., Lindelöw, Å., Jönsson, A.M., Wulff, S., Schroeder, L.M., 2013. Population dynamics of the spruce bark beetle: a long-term study. Oikos 122, 1768–1776.
Meyerson, L., Mooney, H., 2007. Invasive alien species in an era of globalization. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5, 199–208.
Novillo, A., Ojeda, R., 2008. The exotic mammals of Argentina. Biol. Invasions 10, 1333–1344.
Nunez, M., Pauchard, A., 2010. Biological invasions in developing and developed countries: does one model fit all? Biol. Invasions 12, 707–714.
Ordiz, A., Støen, O., Langebro, L., 2009. A practical method for measuring horizontal cover. Ursus 20, 109–113.
Ohashi, H., Saito, M., Horie, R., Tsunoda, H., Noba, H., Ishii, H., Kuwabara, T., Hiroshige, Y., Koike, S., Hoshino, Y., Toda, H., Kaji, K., 2012. Differences in the activity pattern of the wild boar Sus scrofa related to human disturbance. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 59, 167–177.
Pescador, M., Sanguinetti, J., Pastore, H., Peris, S., 2009. Expansion of the introduced wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Andean region, Argentinean Patagonia. Galemys 21, 121–132.
Pysek, P., Richardson, D., 2010. Invasive species, environmental change and management, and health. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 35, 25–55.
Schiaffini, M.I., Vila, A.R., 2012. Habitat use of the wild boar, Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758, in Los Alerces National Park, Argentina. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 47, 11–17.
Somlo, R., Bonvissuto, G., Sbriller, A., Bonino, N., Moricz, E., 1994. La influencia de la condición del pastizal sobre la dieta estacional de los herbívoros y el pastoreo múltiple, en sierras y mesetas occidentales de Patagonia. Rev. Argic. Prod. Anim. 14, 187–207.
Steen, D.a., McClure, C.J.W., Brock, J.C., Craig Rudolph, D., Pierce, J.B., Lee, J.R., Jeffrey Humphries, W., Gregory, B.B., Sutton, W.B., Smith, L.L., Baxley, D.L., Stevenson, D.J., Guyer, C., 2014. Snake co-occurrence patterns are best explained by habitat and hypothesized effects of interspecific interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 83, 286–295.
Tabarelli, M., Aguiar, A.V., Ribeiro, M.C., Metzger, J.P., Peres, C.A., 2010. Prospects for biodiversity conservation in the Atlantic Forest: lessons from aging human-modified landscapes. Biol. Conserv. 143, 2328–2340.
Tolon, V., Dray, S., Loison, A., Zeileis, A., Fischer, C., Baubet, C., 2009. Responding to spatial and temporal variations inpredation risk: space use of a game species in a changing landscape of fear. Can. J. Zool. 87, 1129–1137.
Vanthomme, H., Kolowski, J., Korte, L., Alonso, A., 2013. Distribution of a community of mammals in relation to roads and other human disturbances in Gabon, Central Africa. Conserv. Biol. 27, 281–291.
Vazquez, D.P., 2002. Multiple effects of introduced mammalian herbivores in a temperate forest. Biol. Invasions 4, 175–191.
Veblen, T.T., Mermoz, M., Martin, C., Kitzberger, T., 1992. Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conserv. Biol. 6, 71–83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gantchoff, M.G., Belant, J.L. Anthropogenic and environmental effects on invasive mammal distribution in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Mamm Biol 80, 54–58 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.10.001
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.10.001