Abstract
Irradiation effects at low and high laser fluence on 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid large crystals were investigated. Contrary to what was observed for matrices as cinnamic acid derivatives, no chemical degradation of matrix is evidenced and continuous ablation as well as ion production resulted of extended irradiation in all the fluence range corresponding to classical matrix-assisted laser desorption /ionization. Ripples are formed on the base of the crater for a limited number of laser shots under moderate fluence. For extended irradiation, conical shape craters are formed with the axis of the crater oriented along the incident direction of the laser beam. A study of the craters showed that ablation through the ablated volume slowly varied with the laser fluence when a strong increase of ion production (matrix and analyte) was recorded. Ablation volume was found to vary non-linearly with the number of laser shots. On a same spot, the ablated volume and the ion production were measured as a function of the laser energy. With an increasing laser energy (or fluence), the ablated volume slowly increases when the ion production strongly increases. This gives evidence of a decoupling between ablation and ionization. Interaction of the plume with the incoming beam is thus probable.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Karas, M.; Hillenkamp, F. Laser Desorption Ionization of Proteins with Molecular Masses Exceeding 10,000 Daltons. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 2299–2301.
Knochenmuss, R.; Zenobi, R. MALDI Ionization: The Role of In-Plume Processes. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 441–452.
Karas, M.; Schäfer, J. Ion Formation in MALDI: The Cluster Ionization Mechanism. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 427–439.
Fournier, I.; Brunot, A.; Tabet, J. C;. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 213, 203–215.
Zhigelei, L. V.; Leveugle, E.; Garrison, B. J.; Yingling, Y. G.; Zeifman, M. Computer Simulations of Laser Ablation of Molecular Substrates. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 427–439.
Itana, T. E.; Zhigelei, L. V.; Garrison, B. J. Microscopic Mechanisms of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption of Analyte Molecules: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J. Chem. Phys. B 2002, 106, 303–310.
Puretzky, A. A;. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83, 444–447.
Dreisewerd, K. The Desorption Process in MALDI. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 395–425.
Fournier, I.; Tabet, J. C.; Bolbach, G. Irradiation Effects in MALDI and Surface Modifications. Part I: Sinapinic Acid Monocrystals. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 219, 515–523.
Kampmeier, J.; Dreisewerd, K.; Schürenberg, M.; Strupat, K. Investigations of 2,5-DHB and Succinic Acid as Matrices for IR and UV MALDI. Part I: UV and IR Laser Ablation in the MALDI Process. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1997, 169/170, 31–41.
Haisa, M.; Kashino, S.; Hanada, S. I.; Tanaka, K.; Okazaki, S.; Shibagaki, M. The Structures of 2-Hydroxy-5-Methylbenzoic Acid and Dimorphs of 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid. Acta Cryst. B. 1982, 38, 1480–1484.
Strupat, K.; Kampmeir, J.; Horneffer, V. Investigations of 2,5-DHB and Succinic Acid as Matrices for UV and IR MALDI. Part II: Crystallographic and Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1997, 169/170, 43–50.
Bökelmann, V.; Spengler, B.; Kaufmann, R. Dynamical Parameters of Ion Ejection and Ion Formation in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. Eur. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 1, 81–93.
Milani, P.; Manfredini, M. Surface Periodic Structures Induced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation of Fullerite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 1769.
Wang, W. J.; Lu, Y. F.; An, C. W.; Hong, M. H.; Chong, T. C. Controllable Periodic Structures on Silicon Wafer by CO2 Laser Irradiation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2002, 186, 594–598.
Neri, F.; Barreca, F.; Trusso, S. Excimer Laser Ablation of Siliconcarbide Ceramic Targets. Diamond Rel. Mater. 2002, 11, 273–279.
Reif, J.; Costache, F.; Henyk, M.; Pandelov, S. Ripples Revisited: Non-Classical Morphology at the Bottom of Femtosecond Laser Ablation Craters in Transparent Dielectrics. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2002, 186, 594–599.
Ang, L. K.; Lau, Y. Y.; Gilgenbach, R. M.; Spindler, H. L.; Lash, J. S.; Kovaleski, S. D. Surface Instabillity of Multipulse Laser Ablation on a Metallic Surface. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 4466–4471.
Dolgaev, S. I.; Lavrishev, S. V.; Lyalin, A. A.; Simakin, A. V.; Voronov, V. V.; Shafeev, G. A. Formation of Conical Microstructures Upon Laser Evaporation of Solids. Appl. Phys. A 2001, 73, 177–181.
Dreisewerd, K.; Schürenberg, M.; Karas, M.; Hillenkamp, F. Influence of the Laser Intensity and Spot Size on the Desorption of Molecules and Ions in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorptio/Ionization with a Uniform Beam Profile. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1995, 141, 127–148.
Allwood, D. A.; Dyer, P. E.; Dreyfus, R. W. Ionization Modeling of Matrix Molecules in Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1997, 11, 499–503.
Karbach, V.; Knochenmuss, R. Do Single Matrix Molecules Generate Primary Ions in Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization?. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 10, 968–974.
Tang, X.; Sadeghi, M.; Olumee, Z.; Vertes, A. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization by Two Cillinear Subthreshold Laser Pulses. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1997, 11, 484–488.
Knochenmuss, R.; Vertes, A. Time Delayed Two Pulse Studies of MALDI Matrix Ionization Mechanisms. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 5406–5410.
Knochenmuss, R. A Quantitative Model of Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 37, 867–877.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published online June 25, 2003
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fournier, I., Marinach, C., Tabet, J.C. et al. Irradiation effects in MALDI, ablation, ion production, and surface modifications. Part II: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid monocrystals. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14, 893–899 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00347-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(03)00347-7