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Dr. Gopaul Chunder Roy (1844–1887): An extraordinary life dedicated to the cause of medical science

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Abstract

Dr. Gopaul Chunder Roy (1844–1887), MD, FRCS, IMS, was one of the most important and prominent medical scientists of the nineteenth century India, who was a renowned surgeon and made valuable contributions to the understanding of the epidemic ‘Burdwan Fever’ that devastated the lower districts of Bengal province during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A product of the iconic Calcutta Medical College, he obtained an MD from the Glasgow Medical College and became the first native Indian to be awarded an FRCS (by exam) from the Royal College of Surgeons, London. In 1872, he joined the Indian Medical Service and later worked in various districts of Bengal Presidency. Dr. Roy was prolific in scientific publications and between 1866 and 1887, he published more than 70 valuable scientific papers on surgery, cholera, leprosy, filaria, snake venoms etc., but most importantly on Burdwan Fever, a kind of deadly malarial fever. His book on Burdwan Fever (1874, 1876), written based on his extensive personal experience, is still available in print in Europe and the USA. During the epidemic days, Dr. Roy worked tirelessly in Burdwan division and gained important scientific insight about the epidemic. His reputation as a doctor and his contribution to medical sciences were highly appreciated not only in India, but also in Great Britain, the USA and Australia during his lifetime. Unfortunately, Dr. Roy died early at an age of only 43 and today, his name is hardly known outside the academic circle and his contributions are nearly forgotten. Dr. Roy’s name has, of course, frequently featured in contemporary literature on Burdwan Fever, but beyond this, his contributions have hardly been discussed, and no comprehensive biography of Dr. Roy has so far been written. This article is an attempt to explore the importance of the medical works of Dr. Roy in the historical context and to document and compile a comprehensive scientific biography of this important scientific pioneer of the nineteenth century India, lest his contribution fades away from the history of science.

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Notes

  1. For a detail on Chunilal Bose’s contributions, please see Sanyal (2022).

  2. A type of deadly Malaria caused havoc in the Bengal districts, particularly in the Burdwan division, hence it came to be known as Burdwan Fever. The epidemic is said to have been caused, inter alia, by the construction of embankment for the railways which led to stagnation of rainwater and breeding of mosquitoes.

  3. Dwarkanath Tagore (1794–1846) was a prominent industrialist, banker, and philanthropist. He was the first Indian industrialist to form a partnership enterprise with the British. A friend of Raja Rammohun Roy, Dwarkanath was the founder of Jorasanko branch of Tagore family. Dwarkanath also happened to the grandfather of poet Rabindranath Tagore.

  4. Ram Comul Sen (1783–1844) was a noted educationist, social reformer, philanthropist, and banker. He was associated with the establishment of Hindu College, Kolkata, became Principal of Sanskrit College, Secretary of the Asiatic Society and member of the Medical Commission set up by Lord Bentinck. A notable author, Ram Comul was the first Indian to publish a scientific paper in a journal. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Bengal Renaissance.

  5. ‘To meet the rising demand for native doctors, the Government introduced a Bengali class at the Calcutta Medical College in 1851. Proficiency in Bengali was an essential prerequisite for admission to this class. The theoretical and practical courses were almost the same as in the Hindustani class. 21 students admitted in this class was examined in 1853. Qualified students filled the ranks of the Subordinate Medical Services as Hospital Apprentices or Vernacular Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery (VLMS) or found employment under Deputy Magistrate attached to Charitable Dispensary or in Jail Hospitals. In 1856–1857, the class had 88 students and the number went on increasing till it touched the figure of 635 in 1872. The students mostly belonged to Brāhmin, Kāyastha and Baidya castes. In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two sections, the Native Apothecary Section, which trained students for government employment and the Vernacular Licentiate Section which gave instructions in medicine and surgery, in order to enable the students to practise among the less affluent sections of Indians….’ (Sujata Mukherjee, Banglapedia, https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Calcutta_Medical_College).

  6. ‘In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, it was realized that medical education of university standard could not provide a sufficient number of doctors to meet the people’s needs, and medical schools, giving a shorter course of training than medical colleges, were accordingly set up in association with civil hospitals. The medical practitioners so produced were known as Licentiates.’ (World Directory of Medical Schools, WHO, Geneva, 1957, p. 129).

  7. In 1855, when Hindu College became Presidency College, this ‘Pāṭhśāla’ section became Hindu School, now a prominent govt. school in central Kolkata.

  8. In 1857, University of Calcutta was established and Calcutta Medical College got affiliated by the University. As a part of the modernization of syllabus and curriculum, MB (Bachelor of Medicine) course was introduced in 1860. The LM&S course continued parallelly until 1906, when it was discontinued.

  9. The Indian Medical Service (IMS) was a military medical service in British India, which also had some civilian functions. The first native Indian to join the service was Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty (1855). IMS began in 1763 as Bengal Medical Service. After 1857, the Medical Services of Bengal, Bombay and Madras Presidencies merged to form the Indian Medical Service (IMS).

  10. In 1872, out of 40 posts under IMS, Bengal got 28 and Madras 12. There was no vacancy in Bombay (Crawford, 1914, p. 295).

  11. The Indian Medical Gazette was an Indian medical journal established in 1866 in Kolkata (stopped publishing in 1955). In its early days, it was closely associated with the Indian Medical Service. The first editor was David Smith. Dr. Gopaul Chunder Roy published about 60 research papers in this journal.

  12. An aneurism refers to a weakening of an artery wall that creates a bulge, or distention, of the artery. (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156993).

  13. In the original version in Medical Times and Gazette, the title of the paper was ‘On the Action of Quinine on Malaria’. In the version published in the Lancet, the word ‘Therapeutical’ was inserted.

  14. ‘Baree,’ from Sanskrit Bātī, is a residential house in common Bengali.

  15. Dr. Mahendralal Sircar (1833–1904) was a renowned doctor of the nineteenth century Bengal, the second MD of Calcutta University, a former president of the Bengal branch of British Medical Association and a private physician of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. Dr. Sircar was noted for popularization of Homeopathy in India. He was a strong advocate of propagation of science in India; in 1876, he founded Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata. In 1930, CV Raman was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for his experimental works in IACS. In 1868, Mahendralal launched Calcutta Journal of Medicine, with himself as editor.

  16. “Essay on the causes, symptoms, and treatment of the Burdwan fever” by Surgeon G. C. Roy, M.D., F.R.C.S. Dr. Roy, as an inspector of dispensaries in the Burdwan district, had abundant opportunities of becoming familiar with the features of the Burdwan fever in all its phases. His duties involved continual itineration through the most unhealthy parts of the district at all seasons, and gave scope for close observation of the conditions of the country and people. This essay was originally written for the prize offered by His Excellency the Viceroy, but, being “crude and disjointed,” failed of its object. It was afterwards revised and enlarged.’ (Indian Medical Gazette, Nov 1, 1875, pp. 298–299).

  17. A period that a soldier, worker, or prisoner is allowed to be absent, especially to return temporarily to their own home (Cambridge Dictionary).

  18. Golden Jubilee rejoicing of Queen Victoria’s coronation.

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Acknowledgements

I am deeply indebted to anonymous Reviewers for guiding me towards improvement in the organization and content of the article.

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  1. North East Zone, National Council of Science Museums (Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India), Sector V, Block GN, Salt Lake, West Bengal, 700091, Kolkata, India

    Indranil Sanyal

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Appendices

Appendix A: G.C. Roy’s publications during his early medical career

  1. 1.

    ‘Tertiary amputation in a case of gunshot wound of the forearm; recovery’, Indian Medical Gazette, July 1, 1866, pp. 186.

  2. 2.

    ‘A case of depressed fracture of the skull, in which a portion of the cerebral substance escaped; recovery’, Indian Medical Gazette, January 1, 1867, pp. 11

  3. 3.

    ‘Case of ruptured liver, spleen, and kidney, with fracture of one arm, &c.,’ Indian Medical Gazette, May 1, 1867, pp. 121

  4. 4.

    ‘Two cases of fracture of skull, extravasation of blood and laceration of cerebral substance, having different symptoms in each’, Indian Medical Gazette, October 1, 1867, pp. 245

  5. 5.

    ‘A disputed case of obstinate costiveness’, Indian Medical Gazette, April 1, 1869, pp. 78–79.

  6. 6.

    ‘A case of extensive injuries of the hands and a successful case of rhinoplastic operation’, Indian Medical Gazette, May 1, 1869, pp. 95.

  7. 7.

    ‘Remarks on the etiology and treatment of cholera’, Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 2(8), August 1869, pp. 297–301.

  8. 8.

    ‘Two cases of injuries of the liver, with remarks’, Lancet, January 7, 1871, pp. 10–11

  9. 9.

    ‘The system of jail administration in England,’ Calcutta Journal of Medicine, September 1871, 4(9), pp. 346–349.

  10. 10.

    ‘On the solvent action of papaya juice on the nitrogenous articles of food’, Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 6(3–4), March & April 1873, pp. 129–135

  11. 11.

    ‘Observations on the nature of cholera poison,’ Indian Medical Gazette, May 1, 1873, pp. 120–22

  12. 12.

    ‘Dr. Fayrer on cobra poison’, Indian Medical Gazette, April 1, 1873, pp. 109 (Letter to the Editor)

  13. 13.

    ‘On the solvent action of papaya juice on the nitrogenous articles of food’, Glasgow Medical Journal, January 1874, pp. 33–39.

  14. 14.

    ‘Report on cholera in the Jehanabad subdivision of Burdwan’, Indian Medical Gazette, May 1, 1874, pp. 116–17

  15. 15.

    ‘Two cases of poisoning by opium successfully treated by subcutaneous injection of atropine’, Indian Medical Gazette, July 1, 1875, pp. 182–83

  16. 16.

    ‘Surgery in the malarious district of Jehanabad’, Indian Medical Gazette, April 1, 1875, pp. 98–99

  17. 17.

    ‘The rational treatment of cholera; with chemical and pathological remarks’, Indian Medical Gazette, March 1, 1876, pp. 69–71

  18. 18.

    ‘Experiments with cobra poison’, Indian Medical Gazette, December 1, 1876, pp. 313–14

  19. 19.

    ‘Remarks on the Gurjan oil treatment of leprosy at Port Blair,’ Indian Medical Gazette, May 1 1876, pp. 124–25

  20. 20.

    ‘On the treatment of fractures by position’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, November 1, 1876, pp. 306

  21. 21.

    ‘On the rational treatment of cholera and remarks on the outbreak at Ranchee’, Indian Medical Gazette, December 1, 1877, pp. 287–89

  22. 22.

    ‘Remarks on the action of snake poison on the blood’, Indian Medical Gazette, December 1, 1877, pp. 315–17

  23. 23.

    ‘Hysteric epilepsy,’ Indian Medical Gazette, February 1, 1877, pp. 38–39

Appendix B: G.C. Roy’s publications on Malaria and Burdwan Fever

  1. 1.

    ‘On the (therapeutical) action of quinine on malaria,’ Medical Times and Gazette, March 4, 1871, pp. 245

  2. 2.

    ‘On the therapeutical action of quinine on Malaria,’ Lancet, April 15, 1871, pp. 503

  3. 3.

    ‘Suggestions as to the cause of un-healthiness of lower Bengal and the recent outbreak of Epidemic fever,’ Indian Medical Gazette, March 1, 1873, pp. 63

  4. 4.

    ‘Further observations on the epidemic fever of Burdwan’, Indian Medical Gazette, June 2, 1873, pp. 150–152

  5. 5.

    ‘The Burdwan Fever’ (Part 1), Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 6(11–12), November & December, 1873, pp. 423–437

  6. 6.

    ‘The Burdwan Fever’ (Part 2), Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 7(1–2), January–February, 1874, pp. 28–46

  7. 7.

    ‘An essay on the causes, symptoms and treatment of Burdwan Fever, or, the Epidemic fever of lower Bengal’, Anglo Sanskrit Press, Kolkata, 1874.

  8. 8.

    ‘On Burdwan Fever’ (1st part), Indian Medical Gazette, February 2, 1874, pp. 37–39

  9. 9.

    ‘On Burdwan Fever’ (2nd part), Indian Medical Gazette, March 2, 1874, pp. 60–61.

  10. 10.

    ‘On Burdwan Fever’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, July 1, 1874, pp. 190.

  11. 11.

    ‘The causes, symptoms and treatment of Burdwan Fever, or, the Epidemic fever of lower Bengal’, simultaneously published by J & A Churchill, London and Thacker, Spink & Co, Kolkata, 1876.

  12. 12.

    ‘Review of Burdwan Fever’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, July 1, 1876, pp. 193.

Appendix C: G.C. Roy’s publications from Sooree (Suri) Charitable Dispensary

  1. 1.

    ‘Treatment of liver abscess by aspiration,’ Indian Medical Gazette, March 1, 1878, pp. 68–69

  2. 2.

    ‘Compound dislocation of left humerus at the elbow; reduction, arthritis, excision of elbow joint; recovery’ (Under the treatment of Dr. G. C. Roy. Reported by Civil Hospital Assistant Hurry Mohun Bhuttacharjee of Sooree (Suri) Charitable Dispensary), Indian Medical Gazette, July 1, 1879, pp. 199–200

  3. 3.

    ‘Some remarks on the relation of filaria sanguinis hominis to chyluria and other lymphoid diseases’, Indian Medical Gazette, August 1 1879, pp. 226–227

  4. 4.

    ‘A case of intravenous injection of milk’, Indian Medical Gazette, November 1 1879, pp. 311–312

  5. 5.

    ‘A case of wound of axillary artery; Ligature of the vessel above and below the seat of injury; death’, Indian Medical Gazette, February 2, 1880, pp. 45–46

  6. 6.

    ‘A case of accidental suffocation’, Indian Medical Gazette, March 1, 1880, pp. 71

  7. 7.

    ‘A case of ainhum’, Indian Medical Gazette, September 1, 1880, pp. 247

  8. 8.

    ‘Remarks on the so-called typho-malarial fever and their treatment’, Indian Medical Gazette, August 2 1880, pp. 208–209.

  9. 9.

    ‘A case of placenta previa treated by partial separation of placenta and ergot; recovery’, Indian Medical Gazette, September 1, 1881, pp. 258

  10. 10.

    ‘A case of croup: tracheotomy: death’, Indian Medical Gazette, October 1, 1881, pp. 279–280

  11. 11.

    ‘A case of rupture of spleen’, Indian Medical Gazette, December 1, 1881, pp. 32–33

  12. 12.

    ‘Some remarks on leprosy’, Indian Medical Gazette, February 1 1881, pp. 45–46

  13. 13.

    ‘Papaya juice’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, April 1 1881, pp. 121

  14. 14.

    ‘Delirium tremens as a complication in acute diseases’, Indian Medical Gazette, February 1 1882, pp. 42–43

  15. 15.

    ‘A case of chyluria treated with benzoic acid’, Indian Medical Gazette, April 1 1882, pp. 96–97

  16. 16.

    ‘Microorganisms or granules of Bizzozero in the blood’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, April 1 1882, pp. 110

  17. 17.

    ‘Filaria sanguinis hominis’, Lancet, April 15, 1882, pp. 625

  18. 18.

    ‘Notes on a case of puerperal fever,’ Indian Medical Gazette, July 1 1882, pp. 180–181

  19. 19.

    ‘A case of cobra bite, with remarks,’ Indian Medical Gazette, November 1 1882, pp. 292–294

  20. 20.

    ‘A vindication’ (letter to the editor), Indian Medical Gazette, January 2, 1882, pp. 24

  21. 21.

    ‘Cases of laryngotomy and tracheotomy’ (Treated by Dr. G. C. Roy in the Sooree Charitable Dispensary. Reported by Assistant-Surgeon Apurba Krisna Chaudhuri), Indian Medical Gazette, October 1883, pp. 286–287

  22. 22.

    ‘A case of encysted peritoneal effusion; operation; recovery’, Indian Medical Gazette, November 1883, pp. 319

  23. 23.

    ‘Fibrinous coagula in the heart’, Indian Medical Gazette, May 1883, pp. 117–119

  24. 24.

    ‘On a modified method of using the aspirator’, Indian Medical Gazette, June 1883, pp. 162–163

  25. 25.

    ‘A case of hepatic abscess treated by Dr. G C Roy; Recovered after free opening and drainage’ (Reported by Civil Hospital Assistant Huri Mohan Bhattacharjee), Indian Medical Gazette, July 1883, pp. 279–280

  26. 26.

    ‘Retention of menses from absence of vagina: operation: peritonitis: death’, Indian Medical Gazette, September 1883, pp. 251–252

  27. 27.

    ‘A curious case of malposition of tooth’ (Under Dr. Gopaul Chunder Roy, reported from Sooree (Suri) Charitable Dispensary), Lancet, November 3, 1883, pp. 772–773

  28. 28.

    ‘Treatment of erysipelas with external application of white lead paint’ (Letter to the Editor), Indian Medical Gazette, September 1883, pp. 264

  29. 29.

    ‘Case of liver Abscess treated with free incision and drainage; recovery’ (Under the care of Dr. G. C. Roy, reported from Sooree Charitable Dispensary), Lancet, December 20, 1884, p 1092

  30. 30.

    ‘A case of imperforate anus and prepuce’ (Under the care of Dr. G. C. Roy, reported from Sooree Charitable Dispensary), Lancet, December 20, 1884, pp. 1092

  31. 31.

    ‘A case of kidney disease inducing hypertrophy of heart and haemorrhage into the brain’, Indian Medical Gazette, April 1884, pp. 116–117

  32. 32.

    ‘Fracture of skull; extensive extravasation of blood on dura matter producing compression of brain; trephining; partial relief of symptoms; death’ (Under the care of Dr. G. C. Roy, reported by Sooree Charitable Dispensary), Indian Medical Gazette, August 23, 1884, pp. 319

  33. 33.

    ‘Is quarantine effective in cholera’, Indian Medical Gazette, January 1884, pp. 11–14

  34. 34.

    ‘Birbhum Dispensary- A case of catheter fever, (Under the treatment of Dr. G. C. Roy. Reported by Civil Hospital Assistant Huri Mohun Bhattacherjea), Indian Medical Gazette, September 1884, pp. 262

  35. 35.

    ‘Two cases of atrophy of liver’, Indian Medical Gazette, July, 1885, pp. 211–112.

  36. 36.

    ‘The rational method of treatment of hydrophobia’, Lancet, January 9, 1886, pp. 60–61

  37. 37.

    ‘Some remarks on the specific origin of disease’, Indian Medical Gazette, December 1886, pp. 355–356

  38. 38.

    ‘On the relative digestive value of Fairchild’s peptonizing powders, pepsin and papaya juice on milk’, Indian Medical Gazette, January 1887, pp. 2

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Sanyal, I. Dr. Gopaul Chunder Roy (1844–1887): An extraordinary life dedicated to the cause of medical science. Indian J Hist. Sci. 57, 287–316 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-022-00065-x

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