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Geochemistry of sand along the coastal beaches of the Mundeck formation and River Ntem, south Cameroon

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Abstract

The sands in the Ntem river (NRS), Upper Mundeck beach (UMBS) and Lower Mundeck beach (LMBS) in the Kribi Campo sub-Basin, were analysed geochemically to reveal their source lithological composition, source lithology tectonic setting, weathering intensity of the source area, climate type at the time of source rock weathering, cycles of sedimentation and maturity. The significance of this work is to enhance the understanding of the sedimentary processes in Cameroon, Africa, and other global regions. Source lithology binary diagrams plotted using values of La/Sc, Th/Sc, and Cr/Th and dual diagrams of Zr vs. TiO2 and Al2O3 vs. TiO2 revealed a felsic source rock composition to be the origin of the sands. The felsic source rock composition revealed for the studied sands is also supported by the enrichment of LREE/HREE and a negative chondrite Eu anomaly. Plots on Ternary diagrams (La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10) and binary diagrams (SiO2 vs. K2O/Na2O) combined with novel discriminant function plots DF 1 and DF 2 (Arc-Rift-Col)M1, DF(A-P)M, and DF(A-P)MT reveals a passive tectonic setting for the source rock of the sands. The strength of weathering and plagioclase lixiviation unveiled by the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) indexes reveals a weak to intense strength of chemical weathering and lixiviation of plagioclase and feldspars. In contrast, the chemical index of alteration (CIX) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIX) with the elimination of CaO in their formulas show the extreme intensity of weathering and lixiviation of plagioclase. The index of compositional variation (ICV) indicates that most of the examined samples are immature. At the same time, the ICVnew, eliminating iron and calcium oxides in the formula, reveals a mature nature for the sands.

Plotted diagrams of Th/Sc and (Gd/Yb)N ratios, with the relationship of Zr and (La/Yb)N, show that the sands are mature, second-cycle sediments which have experienced zircon mineral addition.

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Data availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

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Acknowledgements

The geochemical work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant to PWF at Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

    Nfor Shannon Ngwakfu, Bokanda Ekoko Eric, Mokake Esue Fidelis & Christopher M. Agyingi

  2. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

    Bokanda Ekoko Eric

  3. School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Meinganga, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

    Bisse Salomon Betrant

  4. Department of Geology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario , P7B 5E1, Canada

    Philip Fralick

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Dr Bokanda Ekoko Eric and Nfor Shannon conducted the fieldwork, conceived the idea, and wrote the draft manuscript. Dr Bisse Salomon Bertrant, and Dr Mokake proofread the manuscript and made suggestions. Prof Philip Fralick and Prof Christopher Agyingi proofread the paper and made suggestions All the above authors played a vital role in the realization of this manuscript.

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Ngwakfu, N.S., Eric, B.E., Betrant, B.S. et al. Geochemistry of sand along the coastal beaches of the Mundeck formation and River Ntem, south Cameroon. J. Sediment. Environ. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-024-00177-7

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