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Large intraparticle mesoporosity of hierarchical ZSM-5 synthesized from kaolin using silicalite seed: effect of aging time and temperature

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Abstract

The development of a simple, effective, and replicable method for the formation of hierarchically structured materials from natural sources has drawn significant research interest recently. The current study analyzes the two-step hydrothermal synthesis of Indonesian kaolin to hierarchical ZSM-5. The aging temperature and time are the two crucial parameters that contributed to the intraparticle mesoporosity of ZSM-5. The aging step is a decisive step in the nucleation process of zeolite synthesis, this step can affect the crystal and pore structure of the zeolite product. N2 adsorption–desorption with the NLDFT method was used to determine the intraparticle mesoporosity at P/P0 = 0.3–0.4. The large intraparticle mesoporosity enables materials to have wide structural functions owing to intensify accessibility and mass transport properties. A statistical experimental design based on the Taguchi method with L9 orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify the percentage of contribution for each parameter on the development of mesoporosity. The optimum aging condition at 70 °C for 6 h with the S/N ratio of 49.630, produced intracrystalline mesopore ZSM-5 with the largest mesoporous surface area of 303.067 m2/g and 0.596 cc/g of the pore volume. The relationship between aging time and temperature in the mesostructured creation in hierarchical ZSM-5 was revealed by the data analysis of the interaction plot for the S/N ratio.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember for this work, under the project scheme of the Publication Writing and IPR Incentive Program (PPHKI) 2022, and the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic Indonesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Heavy Equipment Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Madura, Madura, East Java, Indonesia

    Abdul Hamid

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, East Java, 60294, Indonesia

    Reva Edra Nugraha

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

    Holilah Holilah & Didik Prasetyoko

  4. Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Gadong, Brunei

    Hasliza Bahruji

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  1. Abdul Hamid
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Contributions

AH designed and planned the study, carried out the experiments and data analysis, and wrote the first draft of the paper. REN carried out the experiments and data analysis. HH reviewed and modified the manuscript. HB reviewed and revised the manuscript. DP supervised the study, acquired funding, and proofread and edited the manuscript. The final manuscript has been read and approved by all writers.

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Correspondence to Didik Prasetyoko.

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Hamid, A., Nugraha, R.E., Holilah, H. et al. Large intraparticle mesoporosity of hierarchical ZSM-5 synthesized from kaolin using silicalite seed: effect of aging time and temperature. J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 60, 344–356 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43207-022-00267-0

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