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Experimental investigation of the flame stability limits for H2 + C3H8, H2 + C2H6 and H2 + CH4 jet flames

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Abstract

Experimental work was conducted to investigate the flame stability limits of H2 + C3H8, H2 + C2H6 and H2 + CH4 jet flames by using a single jet diffusion burner with a nozzle diameter of 2 mm. The results of 400 experimental tests showed that the increment of hydrogen composition increases the stability limits of the hydrogen-hydrocarbon jet flames. Furthermore, the results also showed that H2 + C3H8 jet flames could be effectively lifted or blown out at a lower jet exit velocity than H2 + C2H6 and H2 + CH4 jet flames at similar H2 concentrations. In addition, it was observed that the H2 + CH4 jet flame exhibits the highest blowout velocity. It was also found that the stability limit of hydrogen-hydrocarbon jet flames starts to increase rapidly at hydrogen volumetric composition of 90% for H2 + C3H8, 85% for H2 + C2H6 and 70% for H2 + CH4.

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Abbreviations

H2 :

Hydrogen

CH4 :

Methane

C2H6 :

Ethane

C3H8 :

Propane

NTP:

Normal temperature and pressure (20 °C and 101.3 kPa

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

\(\overline{\rho }\) :

The density ratio of the gas at the jet exit ρe to the density of the ambient air c

ρe :

The density of the exiting fluid at 298 K (kg/m3)

ρ∞ :

The density of the ambient air at 298 K (kg/m3

C2 :

Constant which valued 50 (used in Eq. 1)

do :

An inner diameter of the burner (mm)

h:

Lift-off height (mm)

Re H :

Reynolds number of the exit jet

Re su :

The turbulence Reynolds number

SL :

Laminar burning velocity (m/s)

Ue :

Jet exit velocity (m/s)

Ublowout :

Blow-out velocity (m/s)

Ve :

The kinematic viscosity of the jet exit (m2/s)

Vjet :

Viscosity (m2/s)

XH2 :

Mole fraction of Hydrogen

Yo :

Fuel mass fraction at the burner exit

Ys :

Fuel fraction needed for stoichiometric burning

Yst :

Stoichiometric mass fraction

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) for the financial support of this research. This research was supported by MOHE under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) with the project code FP045-2020.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Zine labidine Messaoudani, Mahar Diana Hamid & Che Rosmani Che Hassan

  2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

    Yajue Wu

Authors
  1. Zine labidine Messaoudani
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  2. Mahar Diana Hamid
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  3. Yajue Wu
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  4. Che Rosmani Che Hassan
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Correspondence to Mahar Diana Hamid.

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Appendix

Appendix

This appendix shows the test conditions and experimental results (flame status) of 400 experimental tests on hydrogen and hydrocarbon jet flames. The flow rates, pressure, and flame status of each test were recorded, and the details are presented in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.

Table 2 shows the test conditions and experimental results of pure hydrogen jet flames with a flow rate range from 10 to 150 L/min, while Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 show the test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames with hydrogen flow rate varying from 10 to 120 L/min.

Table 2 Test conditions and experimental results of pure hydrogen jet flames
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Table 3 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 10 L/min
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Table 4 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 20 L/min
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Table 5 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 30 L/min
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Table 6 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 40 L/min
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Table 7 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 50 L/min
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Table 8 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 60 L/min
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Table 9 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 70 L/min
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Table 10 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 80 L/min
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Table 11 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 90 L/min
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Table 12 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 100 L/min
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Table 13 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 110 L/min
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Table 14 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-methane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 120 L/min
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Tables 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 show the test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames with different hydrogen flow rates from 10 to 110 L/min. Similarly, Tables 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 show the test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames with a hydrogen flow rate varying from 10 to 100 L/min.

Table 15 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 10 L/min
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Table 16 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 20 L/min
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Table 17 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 30 L/min
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Table 18 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 40 L/min
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Table 19 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 50 L/min
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Table 20 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 60 L/min
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Table 21 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 70 L/min
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Table 22 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 80 L/min
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Table 23 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 90 L/min
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Table 24 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 100 L/min
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Table 25 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-ethane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 110 L/min
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Table 26 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 10 L/min
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Table 27 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 20 L/min
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Table 28 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 30 L/min
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Table 29 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 40 L/min
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Table 30 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 50 L/min
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Table 31 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 60 L/min
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Table 32 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 70 L/min
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Table 33 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 80 L/min
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Table 34 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 90 L/min
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Table 35 Test conditions and experimental results of hydrogen-propane jet flames. Hydrogen flow rate fixed at 100 L/min
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Messaoudani, Z.l., Hamid, M.D., Wu, Y. et al. Experimental investigation of the flame stability limits for H2 + C3H8, H2 + C2H6 and H2 + CH4 jet flames. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 39, 487–510 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-021-00169-4

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