Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Comparative Study of Marriage-Divorce and Related Factors in Türkiye’s Regions Using Kohonen SOM - MDS Tandem and MULTIMOORA Approaches

  • Original Research
  • Published:
SN Computer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Marriages and divorces have recently changed along with economic developments, social and cultural shifts in mostly developed countries including Türkiye, and therefore affect the countries’ demography. This study is motivated by recent significant changes in Türkiye’s marriage and divorce rates and regional differences. The data is retrieved from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) for 26 regions of Türkiye. Kohonen’s self-organizing map (SOM), multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), and MULTIMOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form) methods are used for the proposed methodology. SOM and MDS methods are employed sequentially to find similar and dissimilar regions. The variations of the regions are also evaluated by one of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, MULTIMOORA. Indicators of all regions differ relatively compared to the previous ten-year period, as well as the changes vary. The regions that show the changes both the most and the least are located in the country’s East. The study investigates regional differences of the relationship between marriage, divorce, and socio-economic factors in a different methodology. The combined usage of SOM-MDS tandem and MCDM methodologies provides more accurate and sensitive results about region-based differences in Türkiye.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Acar T. The role of educational attainment and educational pairings in women’s marriage behavior in Turkey. Women Stud Int Forum. 2022;93: 102616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2022.102616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Afifi TD, Davis S, Denes A, Merrill A. Analyzing divorce from cultural and network approaches. J Family Stud. 2013;3:240–353. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2013.19.3.240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Aksoy T, Yerlikaya B. Topics in middle eastern and African economies proceedings of middle east economic association. J Appl Stat. 2021;23(1):54–77.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alpekin D, Luo Y. The relationship between female labor force participation and divorce: panel data analysis on OECD countries. Int Refereed Acad Soc Sci J. 2015;6(18):1–29. https://doi.org/10.17364/iib.20151810983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Alptekin K, Duyan V. What was the distribution of suicide rates by socio-demographic factors between 2007 and 2016 in Turkey? J Psychiatric Nurs. 2019;10(4):270–6. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2019.59354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Altuntas S, Dereli T, Yilmaz MK. Evaluation of excavator technologies: application of data fusion based multimoora methods. J Civ Eng Manage. 2015;21(8):977–97. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1064468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Amato PR, Beattie B. Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005. Soc Sci Res. 2011;40(3):705–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.20:10.12.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Arslan O, Billor N, Lopez Iturriaga FJ, Pastor Sanz I. Self-organizing maps as a tool to compare financial macroeconomic imbalances: The European, Spanish and German case. Spanish Rev Financ Econ. 2013;11(2):69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srfe.2013.07.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Arunachalam D, Kumar N. Benefit-based consumer segmentation and performance evaluation of clustering approaches: an evidence of data-driven decision-making. Expert Syst Appl. 2018;11:11–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ayyildiz E, Murat M, Imamoglu G, Kose Y. A novel hybrid MCDM approach to evaluate universities based on student perspective. Scientometrics. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04534-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Borg I, Groenen PJF. Modern multidimensional scaling: theory and applications. J Educ Measure. 2005;40(3):277–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.2003.tb01108.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brainerd E. Economic reform and mortality in the former Soviet Union: a study of the suicide epidemic in the 1990s. Eur Econ Rev. 2001;45:1007–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Brauers WKM, Balezentis A, Balezentis T. EUROPEAN union member states preparing for EUROPE 2020. An application of the MULTIMOORA method Technological and Economic Development of Economy 2012;18(4):567–87. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2012.734692.

  14. Brauers WK, Kazimieras Zavadskas E. The MOORA method and its application to privatization in a transition economy. Control Cybern. 2006;35(2):445–69.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Brauers WKM, Zavadskas EK. Project management by multimoora as an instrument for transition economies. Technol Econ Develop Econ. 2010;16(1):5–24. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.20:10.01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Brauers WKM, Balezentis A, Balezentis T. Economic ranking of the European union countries by MULTIMOORA optimization. J Appl Stat. 2012;27:39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bremmer D, Kesselring R. Divorce and female labor force participation: evidence from times-series data and cointegration. Atl Econ J. 2004;32:175–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Brida JG, Disegna M, Osti L. Segmenting visitors of cultural events by motivation: a sequential nonlinear clustering analysis of Italian Christmas market visitors. Expert Syst Appl. 2012;39(13):11349–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.03.041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bruwer J, Prayag G, Disegna M. Why wine tourists visit cellar doors: segmenting motivation and destination image. Int J Tourism Res. 2018;20(3):355–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Caarls K, de Valk HAG. Regional diffusion of divorce in Turkey. J Population. 2018;34(4):609–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9441-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ceylan E, Hazal H, Kimber H. Marriage and family in Turkey: trends and attitudes, international handbook on the demography of marriage and the family, Springer International Publishing, 978-3-030-35079-6, 2000:105–19.

  22. Ckstein Z, Ifshitz O. Dynamic female labor supply. Econometrica. 2011;79(6):1675–726. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta8803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cohen PN. Recession and divorce in the United States, 2008–2011. Population Res Policy Rev. 2014;33(5):615–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-014-9323-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Coskun S, Sarlak D. Reasons for divorce in turkey and the characteristics of divorced families: a retrospective analysis. Fam J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720904025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cutler DM, Glaeser EL, Norberg Karen E. Explaining the rise in youth suicide. In: Gruber J. (Ed.) In Risky behavior among youths: an economic analysis (1st ed., pp. 219–70). University of Chicago Press, First Edition 2001;27:39–47.

  26. Davies DL, Bouldin DW. A cluster separation measure. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 1979;2:224–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dunn JC. Well-separated clusters and optimal fuzzy partitions. J Cybern. 1974;4(1):95–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969727408546059.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Durkheim E. Suicide, a study in sociology (1951 Edition, J. A. Spaulding and G. Simpson, Trans. First Edition, 0-203-99432-9, London: Routledge. 1897.

  29. Eckstein Z, Lifshitz O. Dynamic female labor supply. Econometrica. 2011;79(6):1675–726. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta8803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Erkan E, Yamak R. Determinants of divorse in Turkey: panel data analysis. Eurasian Acad Sci Eurasian Bus Econ J. 2017;8:75–94. https://doi.org/10.17740/eas.econ.2017.V8-05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Espenshade TJ. Marriage trends in America: estimates, implications, and underlying causes. Population Develop Rev. 1985;11(2):193–245. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Filiz O. Türkiye’de Aile Mahkemeleri Uygulaması ve Uygulamanın Değerlendirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 2011;25(25):73–96. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.99525

  33. Frisby BN, Booth-Butterfield M, Dillo MR, Martin MM, Weber KD. Face and resilience in divorce: the impact on emotions, stress, and post-divorce relationships. J Soc Person Relat. 2012;29(6):715–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512443452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gogodze J. Ranking demographic conditions: MCDM approach. SN Oper Res Forum. 2021;2(2):31–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-020-00048-7.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Gradisher SM, Kennedy DR, Redle D. Divorce and life insurance proceeds: be aware of the law. J Financ Plan. 2012;25(12):52–7.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gunduz-Hosgor A, Smits J. Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey. Women Stud Int Forum. 2008;31(2):104–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hafezalkotob A, Hafezalkotob A, Liao H, Herrera F. An overview of MULTIMOORA for multi-criteria decision-making: Theory, developments, applications, and challenges. Inf Fus. 2019;51:145–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2018.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hair JF. Jr. Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.) Pearson Prentice Hall: JOUR. 2009.

  39. Handl J, Knowles J, Kell DB. Computational cluster validation in post-genomic data analysis. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(15):3201–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Haykin S. Neural networks and learning machines. In Pearson Prentice Hall New Jersey USA 936 pLinks 2008;(Vol. 3), 978-0-13-147139-9

  41. Huiyan SB, Gelfand AE, Chris L, Gabriele H, Hewitson B. Interpreting self-organizing maps through space-time data models. Ann Appl Stat. 2008;2(4):1194–216. https://doi.org/10.1214/08-AOAS174.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  42. Igdeli A, Ay M. Socio-economic determinants of divorce: regıonal panel data analysis for Turkey. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi J Econ Admi Sci. 2021;22(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumiibf.670198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kalmijn M. Explaining cross-national differences in marriage, cohabitation, and divorce in Europe, 1990–2000. Popul Stud. 2007;61(3):243–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720701571806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kavas S, Gündüz-Hoşgör A. Divorce and family change revisied: professional women’sdivorce experience in Türkey. Demografia. 2010;53(5):102–26.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kavas S, Thornton A. Adjustment and hybridity in Turkish family change: perspectives from developmental idealism. J Family History. 2013;38(2):223–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363199013482263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kirt T, Vainik E. Comparison of the methods of self-organizing maps and multidimensional scaling in analysis of estonian emotion concepts. Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics, NODALIDA, 2007:113–20.

  47. Koc I, Eryurt MA, Adali T, Seckiner P. Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü: Doğurganlık, Aile Planlaması, Anne Cocuk Sağlığı ve Beş yaş Altı Ölümlerdeki Değişimler: 1968- 2008. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü 74. 2010.

  48. Koc P, Izgi Sahpaz K. Kadınların Işgücüne Katılım Oranlarını Belirlemede Boşanma Oranları Eğitim Düzeyi Erkek Işsizlik Oranları ve Ulusal Gelir Düzeyinin Etkisi Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi. 2020;27:39–47.

  49. Kohonen T. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol Cybern. 1982;43(1):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337288.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  50. Kohonen T. Essentials of the self-organizing map. Neural Netw. 2013;37:52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2012.09.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kposowa AJ. Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;4:254–61. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.4.254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kutlar A, Torun P, Isik TT. Türkiye’de Bölgesel Boşanma Farklılıkları: 2004-2013 Dönemi. Int Congress Manage Econ Policy, 2016:2985–92. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.4.254

  53. Lee AH, Gracey M, Wang K, Yau KKW. A robustified modeling approach to analyze pediatric length of stay. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(9):673–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.:10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Liu WM, Di X, Yang G, Matsuzaki H, Huang J, Mei R, Ryder TB, Webster TA, Dong S, Liu G, Jones KW, Kennedy GC, Kulp D. Algorithms for large-scale genotyping microarrays. Informatics. 2003;19(18):2397–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Megyesiova S, Lieskovska V. Analysis of the sustainable development indicators in the OECD countries. Sustainability. 2018;10(12):4554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Omurbek N, Akcakaya O, Akcakaya EDU. Integrating cluster analysis with MCDM methods for the evaluation of local agricultural production. Croatian Oper Res Rev. 2021;12(2):105–17. https://doi.org/10.17535/CRORR.2021.0009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ozkaya G, Timor M, Erdin C. Science, technology and innovation policy indicators and comparisons of countries through a hybrid model of data mining and operation research methods. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2021;13(2):1–52. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Pampel FC. Cohort size and age specific suicide rates: a contingent relationship. Demography. 1996;33(3):341–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. R Development Core Team. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria, 2021. howpublished = https://www.R-project.org/.

  60. Rousseeuw PJ. Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J Comput Appl Math. 1987;20(C):53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Sammut C, Webb GI. Encyclopedia of machine learning and data mining (Second Edition). Springer, Boston, MA, 978-1-4899-7686-4 2017;27:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7687-1

  62. Sandalcilar AR. İşsizlik Boşanmayı Etkiliyor Mu? Bölgesel Panel Nedensellik Ege Akademik Bakış. 2012;12(2):225–38.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sang H, Gelfand AE, Chris L, Gabriele H, Hewitson B. Interpreting self-organizing maps through space-time data models. Ann Appl Stat. 2000;2(4):1194–216. https://doi.org/10.1214/08-AOAS174.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  64. Simionescu M. Testing sigma convergence across EU-28. Econ Sociol. 2014;7(1):48–60. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2014/7-1/5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. South SJ. Economic conditions and the divorce rate: a time-series analysis of the postwar United States. J Marriage Fam. 1985;47(1):31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Spitze G, South SJ. Women employment, time expenditure, and divorce. J Fam Issues. 1985;6(3):307–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Torgerson WS. Multidimensional scaling: I. Theory and method. Psychometrika. 1952;17(4):401–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02288916.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  68. Toy S. TRA1 Düzey 2 Bölge Planı (2014 - 2023); Planlama Süreci ve Kapsamı. Planning 2015. https://doi.org/10.5505/planlama.2016.18189

  69. TURKSTAT, Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri [Marriageand divorce statistics], howpublished = https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Evlenme-ve-Bosanma-Istatistikleri-2021-4556, Accessed: Feb 2022.

  70. TURKSTAT, Turkish Statistical Institute 2022, howpublished = https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/?il=6.

  71. Üçler G, Kızılkaya O. Kadın istihdamının boşanma ve doğurganlık üzerine etkileri: Türkiye üzerine bölgesel panel veri analizi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2014;2(2):28–43.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Valipour M, Yousefi S, Jahangoshai Rezaee M, Saberi M. A clustering-based approach for prioritizing health, safety and environment risks integrating fuzzy C-means and hybrid decision-making methods. Stochastic Environ Res Risk Assess. 2022;36(3):919–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02045-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Van der Lugt WL. Self-organizing map and multidimensional scaling in a tandem approach: a visualization of bankruptcy Trajectory [Msc ]. Erasmus University Rotterdam. 2019.

  74. Vesanto J, Alhoniemi E. Clustering of self-organizing map. IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 2000;11(3):586–600. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.846731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Wehrens R, Kruisselbrink J. kohonen: Supervised and Unsupervised Self-Organising Maps", howpublished = "R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. R package version 3.0.10 2019. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kohonen.

  76. Yücesahin MM, Özgüger EM. Regional fertility differences in Turkey: persistent high fertility in the southeast. Popul Space Place. 2008;14(2):135–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Yuksel-Kaptanoglu I, Ergocmen BA. Early marriage: trends in Turkey, 1978–2008. J Family Issues. 2014;35(12):1707–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14538025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu I, Abbasoğlu Özgören A, Keskin F. Evlenme Riski ve Farklılaşan Kadın Grupları. In 2013 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması İleri Analiz Calışması 2015:(pp. 49-96). HUIPS, T.R. Ministry of Development, TUBITAK.

Download references

Funding

This work is supported by Grant FAP-2020-3951 from the Yildiz Technical University, Türkiye.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Pakize Yiğit and Fatma Sevinç Kurnaz contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Statistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    Pakize Yiğit

  2. Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    Fatma Sevinç Kurnaz

Authors
  1. Pakize Yiğit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatma Sevinç Kurnaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatma Sevinç Kurnaz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The research involves no human participants and animals and consequently no need for informed consent.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendices

Appendix A

See Table 6.

Table 6 Correlations Between MDS Dimensions and Study Indicators
Full size table

Appendix B

See Table 7.

Table 7 MOORA and MULTIMOORA results
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yiğit, P., Kurnaz, F.S. A Comparative Study of Marriage-Divorce and Related Factors in Türkiye’s Regions Using Kohonen SOM - MDS Tandem and MULTIMOORA Approaches. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5, 544 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02914-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02914-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation